| The role of COX-2 and Nrf2/ARE in anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress: Aging and anti-aging. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 21530094 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Oxidative stress and inflammation are constant features of many chronic diseases and complications, and have been linked to carcinogenesis. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of prostaglandins, plays important roles in physiology and pathology, but has been a source of controversy within the scientific and clinical community. However, recent work has shown that nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) confers protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, COX-2-dependent electrophile oxo-derivative (EFOX) molecules have been shown to act as anti-inflammatory mediators via activation of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response element (ARE). These studies have provided more insight into COX-2-mediated events. The function of all tissues, especially epithelial and endothelial tissues, declines with age, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). COX-2 expression increases with aging in most tissues, due in part to ROS, chemical reactions, physical shearing, and dietary molecules. Here we discuss new findings related to COX-2 inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Taken together, we hypothesize that COX-2 levels increase during the aging process because increasing levels of ROSs necessitate the involvement of COX-2-dependent EFOXs for anti-inflammation and Nrf2/ARE signaling for antioxidation. We also propose that COX-2 may act as an intrinsic biological aging clock due to its role in balancing inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. |
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Authors:
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Cheng Luo; Egon Urgard; Tõnu Vooder; Andres Metspalu |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2011-4-27 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Medical hypotheses Volume: - ISSN: 1532-2777 ISO Abbreviation: - Publication Date: 2011 Apr |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2011-5-2 Completed Date: - Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 7505668 Medline TA: Med Hypotheses Country: - |
Other Details:
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Languages: ENG Pagination: - Citation Subset: - |
Copyright Information:
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Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Affiliation:
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Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu 51010, Estonia. |
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From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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