| A review of phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium concentrations in plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries and implications for bioavailability. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 20715598 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Plant-based complementary foods often contain high levels of phytate, a potent inhibitor of iron, zinc, and calcium absorption. This review summarizes the concentrations of phytate (as hexa- and penta-inositol phosphate), iron, zinc, and calcium and the corresponding phytate:mineral molar ratios in 26 indigenous and 27 commercially processed plant-based complementary foods sold in low-income countries. Phytate concentrations were highest in complementary foods based on unrefined cereals and legumes (approximately 600 mg/100 g dry weight), followed by refined cereals (approximately 100 mg/100 g dry weight) and then starchy roots and tubers (< 20 mg/100 g dry weight); mineral concentrations followed the same trend. Sixty-two percent (16/26) of the indigenous and 37% (10/27) of the processed complementary foods had at least two phytate:mineral molar ratios (used to estimate relative mineral bioavailability) that exceeded suggested desirable levels for mineral absorption (i.e., phytate:iron < 1, phytate:zinc < 18, phytate:calcium < 0.17). Desirable molar ratios for phytate:iron, phytate:zinc, and phytate:calcium were achieved for 25%, 70%, and 57%, respectively, of the complementary foods presented, often through enrichment with animal-source foods and/or fortification with minerals. Dephytinization, either in the household or commercially, can potentially enhance mineral absorption in high-phytate complementary foods, although probably not enough to overcome the shortfalls in iron, zinc, and calcium content of plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries. Instead, to ensure the World Health Organization estimated needs for these minerals from plant-based complementary foods for breastfed infants are met, dephytinization must be combined with enrichment with animal-source foods and/or fortification with appropriate levels and forms of mineral fortificants. |
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Authors:
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Rosalind S Gibson; Karl B Bailey; Michelle Gibbs; Elaine L Ferguson |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Review |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Food and nutrition bulletin Volume: 31 ISSN: 0379-5721 ISO Abbreviation: Food Nutr Bull Publication Date: 2010 Jun |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2010-08-18 Completed Date: 2010-09-21 Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 7906418 Medline TA: Food Nutr Bull Country: Japan |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: S134-46 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Union Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9015, New Zealand. Rosalind.Gibson@Stonebow.Otago.AC.NZ |
Export Citation:
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| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Calcium, Dietary
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analysis*,
metabolism Cereals / chemistry Developing Countries* Fabaceae / chemistry Food Technology Food, Fortified / analysis Humans Infant Infant Food / analysis* Iron, Dietary / analysis*, metabolism Nutritive Value Phytic Acid / analysis*, metabolism Plant Roots / chemistry Plants, Edible / chemistry* Seeds / chemistry Zinc / analysis*, metabolism |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Calcium, Dietary; 0/Iron, Dietary; 7440-66-6/Zinc; 83-86-3/Phytic Acid |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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