| gamma-L-glutamyltaurine. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 15838590 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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The discovery of the dipeptide gamma-glutamyltaurine (gamma-GT; glutaurine, Litoralon) in the parathyroid in 1980 and later in the brain of mammals gave rise to studies on intrinsic and synthetic taurine peptides of this type. It was suggested that gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase) in the brain is responsible for the in vivo formation of this unusual dipeptide. gamma-GT has been prepared by both synthetic and enzymatic methods. The chemical syntheses included the use of protecting groups and coupling methods. A wide spectrum of analytical and spectroscopic methods was used to confirm the structure of the synthetic compounds and to elucidate the position of the peptide bond. Enzymatic preparation of gamma-GT from taurine takes advantage of the selective transpeptidation action of GGT on L-glutamine, glutathione, gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide or other glutamine donors. Although the functional roles of gamma-GT in the brain are only poorly understood, many of its established CNS effects have been reported in the last 25 years. Its effect on emotional arousal and its anti-conflict potencies are synergistic with the anxiolytic drug diazepam. gamma-GT exhibits anti-conflict potency, which is exerted by reducing aversion or phobia and/or the anxiety levels. gamma-GT also acts as endogenous modulator in excitatory aminoacidergic neurotransmission. It is suggested that such acidic peptides through N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors could be part of the neurochemical substrate underlying self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. Other gamma-GT effects in neural systems include: effects on the monoamine concentration in the brain; effects on aggressive behavior in the cat; effects on thyroid hormones in the rat; amelioration of electroshock-induced amnesia; potent and long-lasting antiepileptic action (on intra-amygdaloid injection); affect the glutamatergic system in schizophrenic disorders. Roles for gamma-GT in non-neural systems have also been reported, e.g., effects on the metamorphosis of amphibians; on plasma rennin regulation; on radiation protection; on uric acid levels; on human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and many more. |
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Authors:
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S Bittner; T Win; R Gupta |
Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Review Date: 2005-04-21 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Amino acids Volume: 28 ISSN: 0939-4451 ISO Abbreviation: Amino Acids Publication Date: 2005 Jun |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2005-06-16 Completed Date: 2006-04-20 Revised Date: 2008-11-21 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 9200312 Medline TA: Amino Acids Country: Austria |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 343-56 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. bittner@bgumail.bgu.ac.il |
Export Citation:
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| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Amphibians
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physiology Animals Cerebellar Cortex / physiology Emotions / physiology Glutamine / analogs & derivatives*, chemistry, metabolism Humans Immune System / physiology Metamorphosis, Biological / physiology Rats Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / metabolism Taurine / analogs & derivatives*, chemistry, metabolism Telencephalon / physiology Thyroid Gland / physiology |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; 107-35-7/Taurine; 56-85-9/Glutamine; 56488-60-9/glutaurin |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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