| The application of x-rays in radiology: from difficult and dangerous to simple and safe. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 22451536 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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OBJECTIVE: This article will provide an assessment of the application of x-rays in the early days of radiology, which is an excellent way to come to value the convenience and safety of modern x-ray systems. CONCLUSION: The gas tubes that were originally applied for x-ray production were very unstable because of variations in the tube's vacuum. In an effort to understand some of the problems of these tubes and the high occupational exposure that was indirectly caused by the tubes' erratic behavior, we measured x-ray output rates as a function of the gas pressure inside the tube. The pressure range for the optimal production of x-rays, using an original Ruhmkorff inductor as a high-voltage generator, was found to be narrow. With the vacuum changing over time, this might explain the many photographs from the first years of radiology with operators watching their unshielded tube, either with bare eyes or with a fluoroscope, and their own hand as a test object. This practice often led to severe damage of the hands and to many early deaths due to cancer. Today, after a century of technologic development of x-ray tubes and associated equipment, the total average effective dose of workers in radiology can be close to natural background levels. |
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Authors:
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Martijn Kemerink; Tom J Dierichs; Julien Dierichs; Hubert Huynen; Joachim E Wildberger; Jos M A van Engelshoven; Gerrit J Kemerink |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Historical Article; Journal Article |
Journal Detail:
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Title: AJR. American journal of roentgenology Volume: 198 ISSN: 1546-3141 ISO Abbreviation: AJR Am J Roentgenol Publication Date: 2012 Apr |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2012-03-27 Completed Date: 2012-05-22 Revised Date: 2013-05-20 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 7708173 Medline TA: AJR Am J Roentgenol Country: United States |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 754-9 Citation Subset: AIM; IM |
Affiliation:
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Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands. |
Export Citation:
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APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Equipment Design History, 19th Century History, 20th Century Humans Radiation Dosage Radiography / history*, instrumentation* Radiometry / history* X-Rays* |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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