| Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 19041187 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Stress and stress-related health impairments are major problems in human life and elucidating the biological pathways linking stress and disease is of substantial importance. However, the identification of mechanisms underlying a dysregulation of major components of the stress response system is, particularly in humans, a very challenging task. Salivary cortisol responses to diverse acute challenge paradigms show large intra- and interindividual variability. In order to uncover mechanisms mediating stress-related disorders and to potentially develop new therapeutic strategies, an extensive phenotyping of HPA axis stress responses is essential. Such a research agenda depends on substantial knowledge of moderating and intervening variables that affect cortisol responses to different stressors and stimuli. The aim of this report is, therefore, to provide a comprehensive summary of important determinants of, in particular, human salivary cortisol responses to different kinds of laboratory stimuli including acute psychosocial stress as well as pharmacological provocation procedures. This overview demonstrates the role of age and gender, endogenous and exogenous sex steroid levels, pregnancy, lactation and breast-feeding, smoking, coffee and alcohol consumption as well as dietary energy supply in salivary cortisol responses to acute stress. Furthermore, it briefly summarizes current knowledge of the role of genetic factors and methodological issues in terms of habituation to repeated psychosocial stress exposures and time of testing as well as psychological factors, that have been shown to be associated with salivary cortisol responses like early life experiences, social factors, psychological interventions, personality as well as acute subjective-psychological stress responses and finally states of chronic stress and psychopathology. |
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Authors:
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Brigitte M Kudielka; D H Hellhammer; Stefan Wüst |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review Date: 2008-11-28 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Psychoneuroendocrinology Volume: 34 ISSN: 0306-4530 ISO Abbreviation: Psychoneuroendocrinology Publication Date: 2009 Jan |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2008-12-23 Completed Date: 2009-03-24 Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 7612148 Medline TA: Psychoneuroendocrinology Country: England |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 2-18 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. b.kudielka@jacobs-university.de |
Export Citation:
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| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Age Factors Animals Breast Feeding Female Humans Hydrocortisone / genetics, metabolism*, pharmacology, physiology Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / metabolism, physiology Lactation Life Change Events Male Nonprescription Drugs / pharmacology Personality Pregnancy Saliva / metabolism* Sex Characteristics Stress, Physiological Stress, Psychological / genetics, metabolism* |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Nonprescription Drugs; 50-23-7/Hydrocortisone |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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