| Wastewater management through the ages: a history of mankind. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 20817263 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Although much has been written about the history of water supply systems, there is a lack of corresponding information on wastewater management. This is surprising since the lack of sanitation affects human development to the same or even greater extent as the lack of clean water. While there may be an added stigma to discussing waste treatment, sanitation is widely perceived as meriting a significant claim on financial and political resources as well on the evolution of mankind. A literature review is presented on the evolution of wastewater management through the ages and its concurrent impact on human health and environment. Hopefully this information will improve the awareness of the past with a view to impacting future policies and technical developments. The review highlights the connection of environmental contamination with the ability to measure it, as well as the ways pollution control has been changed by advances in scientific knowledge. Attention is also drawn to the effects of political and societal events on wastewater management. A sanitation timeline has been constructed pointing out significant developments in the treatment of wastewater and improvements in analytical environmental chemistry. This review has been written in the belief that historical research showing the collective experience and "philosophy of sanitation" can provide inspiration to face future challenges. |
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Authors:
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Giusy Lofrano; Jeanette Brown |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Historical Article; Journal Article |
Journal Detail:
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Title: The Science of the total environment Volume: 408 ISSN: 1879-1026 ISO Abbreviation: Sci. Total Environ. Publication Date: 2010 Oct |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2010-09-22 Completed Date: 2010-10-29 Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 0330500 Medline TA: Sci Total Environ Country: Netherlands |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 5254-64 Citation Subset: IM |
Copyright Information:
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Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
Affiliation:
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University of Salerno, Department of Civil Engineering, via Ponte don Melillo, 1-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy. glofrano@unisa.it |
Export Citation:
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APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Civilization
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history Drainage, Sanitary / history Greek World / history History, 15th Century History, 16th Century History, 17th Century History, 18th Century History, 19th Century History, 20th Century History, Ancient History, Medieval Humans Roman World / history Waste Disposal, Fluid / history*, methods Waste Management / history*, methods |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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