| Update on the pharmacokinetics and redox properties of protein-bound uremic toxins. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 21538353 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Protein-bound uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid, p-cresyl sulfate, hippuric acid, and indoleacetic acid, have been the subjects of extensive investigations. In this review, we summarized the recent works providing the new insight on the pharmacokinetics and redox properties of these uremic toxins. They have a common characteristic of being difficult to remove by conventional dialysis because they all bind tightly to serum albumin. They are transported via organic anion transporters to various tissues, and accumulate not only in the kidney but also in other tissues including vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts, and the central nervous system. Accumulated uremic toxins alter nonrenal drug clearance. Intracellular accumulated uremic toxins have been linked to the induction of oxidative stress and the stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines through the production of reactive oxygen species, which play a role in the progression of chronic kidney disease and the development of complications. Unfortunately, despite the massive amount of information on the undesirable effects of uremic toxins, methods for improving the detoxification of these toxins appear to be lacking. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci. |
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Authors:
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Hiroshi Watanabe; Yohei Miyamoto; Masaki Otagiri; Toru Maruyama |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2011-4-29 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Journal of pharmaceutical sciences Volume: - ISSN: 1520-6017 ISO Abbreviation: - Publication Date: 2011 Apr |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2011-5-3 Completed Date: - Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 2985195R Medline TA: J Pharm Sci Country: - |
Other Details:
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Languages: ENG Pagination: - Citation Subset: - |
Copyright Information:
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Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Affiliation:
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Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan. |
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