| Traces of embryogenesis are the same in monozygotic and dizygotic twins: not compatible with double ovulation. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 19252194 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Common knowledge of over a century has it that monozygotic and dizygotic twinning events occur by unrelated mechanisms: monozygotic twinning 'splits' embryos, producing anomalously re-arranged embryogenic asymmetries; dizygotic twinning begins with independent ovulations yielding undisturbed parallel embryogeneses with no expectation of departures from singleton outcomes. The anomalies statistically associated with twin births are due to the re-arranged embryos of the monozygotics. Common knowledge further requires that dizygotic pairs are dichorionic; monochorionicity is exclusive to monozygotic pairs. These are fundamental certainties in the literature of twin biology. Multiple observations contradict those common knowledge understandings. The double ovulation hypothesis of dizygotic twinning is untenable. Girl-boy twins differ subtly from all other humans of either sex, absolutely not representative of all dizygotics. Embryogenesis of dizygotic twins differs from singleton development at least as much as monozygotic embryogenesis does, and in the same ways, and the differences between singletons and twins of both zygosities represent a coherent system of re-arranged embryogenic asymmetries. Dizygotic twinning and monozygotic twinning have the same list of consequences of anomalous embryogenesis. Those include an unignorable fraction of dizygotic pairs that are in fact monochorionic, plus many more sharing co-twins' cells in tissues other than a common chorion. The idea that monozygotic and dizygotic twinning events arise from the same embryogenic mechanism is the only plausible hypothesis that might explain all of the observations. |
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Authors:
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Charles E Boklage |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review Date: 2009-02-27 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Human reproduction (Oxford, England) Volume: 24 ISSN: 1460-2350 ISO Abbreviation: Hum. Reprod. Publication Date: 2009 Jun |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2009-05-19 Completed Date: 2009-08-25 Revised Date: 2010-09-22 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 8701199 Medline TA: Hum Reprod Country: England |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 1255-66 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA. boklagec@ecu.edu |
Export Citation:
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| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Embryonic Development
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physiology* Female Humans Male Ovulation / physiology* Pregnancy Twins, Dizygotic / physiology* Twins, Monozygotic / physiology* |
| Grant Support | |
ID/Acronym/Agency:
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N01-HG-65403/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS; R01-HD-22507/HD/NICHD NIH HHS |
| Comments/Corrections | |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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