| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 22260395 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Titanium dioxide is a common additive in many food, personal care, and other consumer products used by people, which after use can enter the sewage system and, subsequently, enter the environment as treated effluent discharged to surface waters or biosolids applied to agricultural land, incinerated wastes, or landfill solids. This study quantifies the amount of titanium in common food products, derives estimates of human exposure to dietary (nano-) TiO(2), and discusses the impact of the nanoscale fraction of TiO(2) entering the environment. The foods with the highest content of TiO(2) included candies, sweets, and chewing gums. Among personal care products, toothpastes and select sunscreens contained 1% to >10% titanium by weight. While some other crèmes contained titanium, despite being colored white, most shampoos, deodorants, and shaving creams contained the lowest levels of titanium (<0.01 μg/mg). For several high-consumption pharmaceuticals, the titanium content ranged from below the instrument detection limit (0.0001 μg Ti/mg) to a high of 0.014 μg Ti/mg. Electron microscopy and stability testing of food-grade TiO(2) (E171) suggests that approximately 36% of the particles are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension and that it readily disperses in water as fairly stable colloids. However, filtration of water solubilized consumer products and personal care products indicated that less than 5% of the titanium was able to pass through 0.45 or 0.7 μm pores. Two white paints contained 110 μg Ti/mg while three sealants (i.e., prime coat paint) contained less titanium (25 to 40 μg Ti/mg). This research showed that, while many white-colored products contained titanium, it was not a prerequisite. Although several of these product classes contained low amounts of titanium, their widespread use and disposal down the drain and eventually to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) deserves attention. A Monte Carlo human exposure analysis to TiO(2) through foods identified children as having the highest exposures because TiO(2) content of sweets is higher than other food products and that a typical exposure for a US adult may be on the order of 1 mg Ti per kilogram body weight per day. Thus, because of the millions of tons of titanium-based white pigment used annually, testing should focus on food-grade TiO(2) (E171) rather than that adopted in many environmental health and safety tests (i.e., P25), which is used in much lower amounts in products less likely to enter the environment (e.g., catalyst supports, photocatalytic coatings). |
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Authors:
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Alex Weir; Paul Westerhoff; Lars Fabricius; Kiril Hristovski; Natalie von Goetz |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Date: 2012-02-08 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Environmental science & technology Volume: 46 ISSN: 1520-5851 ISO Abbreviation: Environ. Sci. Technol. Publication Date: 2012 Feb |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2012-02-22 Completed Date: 2012-07-09 Revised Date: 2013-05-22 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 0213155 Medline TA: Environ Sci Technol Country: United States |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 2242-50 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Box 5306, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5306, United States. |
Export Citation:
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APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Adhesives
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analysis Adolescent Adult Child Child, Preschool Cosmetics / analysis* Environmental Exposure / analysis Female Food Additives / analysis* Food Analysis Humans Infant Male Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Middle Aged Nanoparticles / analysis*, ultrastructure Paint / analysis Titanium / analysis* Young Adult |
| Grant Support | |
ID/Acronym/Agency:
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DE-FG02-08ER64613/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS; RC2 ES018801-01/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS; RC2 ES018801-01S1/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS; RC2 ES018801-02/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS; RC2 ES018801-02S1/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Adhesives; 0/Cosmetics; 0/Food Additives; 15FIX9V2JP/titanium dioxide; 7440-32-6/Titanium |
| Comments/Corrections | |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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