| Small ubiquitin-like modifier-2 modification of retinoic acid receptor-alpha regulates its subcellular localization and transcriptional activity. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 19850744 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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The retinoic acid receptor-alpha (Rara) gene is critical for germ cell development in the testis, as demonstrated by infertile Rara knockout male mice. The encoded protein for Rara (RARA) is expressed in both Sertoli cells and germ cells, but it is not always in the nucleus. Previously, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was shown to increase the nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of RARA in Sertoli cells. Here, we identified a small ubiquitin-like modifier-2 (SUMO-2) modification as a novel posttranslational regulatory mechanism controlling the ATRA-dependent RARA subcellular localization and transcription. ATRA increased the SUMO-2 modification of RARA. In the presence of ATRA, lysine 166 (K166) and K171 of RARA were modified at a physiological concentration of SUMO-2, whereas in the absence of ATRA, K399 was the only site that was modified, but at a higher SUMO-2 concentration. However, K399 was critical for ATRA-controlled nuclear trafficking of RARA. In the presence of ATRA, a K399 mutation to arginine resulted in the cytoplasmic localization of K399R mutant, indicating that K166 and K171 sumoylations were inhibitory to nuclear localization. This may be due to SUMO/sentrin-specific peptidase 6 (SENP6) not being able to bind K399R mutant to desumoylate K166 and K171 in Sertoli cells, whereas it can bind RARA with intact K399. On the other hand, functional K166 and K171 sites for sumoylation were required for a full transcriptional activity, when K399 was intact. These results together suggest that both K166 and K171 sumoylation and desumoylation are critical for optimal RARA function. |
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Authors:
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Li Zhu; Nadine C Santos; Kwan Hee Kim |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Date: 2009-10-22 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Endocrinology Volume: 150 ISSN: 1945-7170 ISO Abbreviation: Endocrinology Publication Date: 2009 Dec |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2009-11-25 Completed Date: 2010-01-19 Revised Date: 2011-08-01 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 0375040 Medline TA: Endocrinology Country: United States |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 5586-95 Citation Subset: AIM; IM |
Affiliation:
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School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA. |
Export Citation:
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| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Amino Acid Sequence Animals Binding Sites / genetics Blotting, Western COS Cells Cell Line Cell Nucleus / drug effects, metabolism Cercopithecus aethiops Humans Lysine / genetics, metabolism Male Molecular Sequence Data Mutation Protein Binding Protein Processing, Post-Translational* Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Receptors, Retinoic Acid / genetics, metabolism* Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Sertoli Cells / cytology, metabolism Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins / genetics, metabolism* Transcriptional Activation / drug effects, genetics* Tretinoin / pharmacology |
| Grant Support | |
ID/Acronym/Agency:
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HD44569/HD/NICHD NIH HHS |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Receptors, Retinoic Acid; 0/SUMO2 protein, rat; 0/Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins; 0/retinoic acid receptor alpha; 302-79-4/Tretinoin; 56-87-1/Lysine |
| Comments/Corrections | |
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