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Short-Chain Fatty Acids Induce Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production Alone and in Combination with Toll-Like Receptor Ligands.
MedLine Citation:
PMID:  22059850     Owner:  NLM     Status:  Publisher    
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
Citation Mirmonsef P, Zariffard MR, Gilbert D, Makinde H, Landay, AL, Spear GT. Short-chain fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production alone and in combination with Toll-like receptor ligands. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011 Problem  Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced at relatively high levels by anaerobic bacteria in bacterial vaginosis (BV), are believed to be anti-inflammatory. BV, a common alteration in the genital microbiota associated with increased susceptibility to HIV infection, is characterized by increased levels of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and SCFAs. We investigated how SCFAs alone or together with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands affected pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Method of study  Cytokines were measured by ELISA. Flow was used for phenotyping and reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement. Results  Short-chain fatty acids, at 20 mm, induced interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and IL-1β release, while lower levels (0.02-2 mm) did not induce cytokine secretion. Levels >20 mm were toxic to cells. Interestingly, lower levels of SCFAs significantly enhanced TLR2 ligand- and TLR7 ligand-induced production of IL-8 and TNFα in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but had little effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release. SCFAs mediated their effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production at least in part by inducing the generation of ROS. Conclusion  Our data suggest that SCFAs, especially when combined with specific TLR ligands, contribute to a pro-inflammatory milieu in the lower genital tract and help further our understanding of how BV affects susceptibility to microbial infections.
Authors:
Paria Mirmonsef; Mohammad R Zariffard; Douglas Gilbert; Hadijat Makinde; Alan L Landay; Greg T Spear
Publication Detail:
Type:  JOURNAL ARTICLE     Date:  2011-11-8
Journal Detail:
Title:  American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)     Volume:  -     ISSN:  1600-0897     ISO Abbreviation:  -     Publication Date:  2011 Nov 
Date Detail:
Created Date:  2011-11-8     Completed Date:  -     Revised Date:  -    
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID:  8912860     Medline TA:  Am J Reprod Immunol     Country:  -    
Other Details:
Languages:  ENG     Pagination:  -     Citation Subset:  -    
Copyright Information:
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Affiliation:
Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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