| Quality of systematic reviews of observational nontherapeutic studies. | |
| | |
| Jump to Full Text | |
MedLine Citation:
|
PMID: 20950540 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
|
INTRODUCTION: High-quality epidemiologic research is essential in reducing chronic diseases. We analyzed the quality of systematic reviews of observational nontherapeutic studies. METHODS: We searched several databases for systematic reviews of observational nontherapeutic studies that examined the prevalence of or risk factors for chronic diseases and were published in core clinical journals from 1966 through June 2008. We analyzed the quality of such reviews by using prespecified criteria and internal quality evaluation of the included studies. RESULTS: Of the 145 systematic reviews we found, fewer than half met each quality criterion; 49% reported study flow, 27% assessed gray literature, 2% abstracted sponsorship of individual studies, and none abstracted the disclosure of conflict of interest by the authors of individual studies. Planned, formal internal quality evaluation of included studies was reported in 37% of systematic reviews. The journal of publication, topic of review, sponsorship, and conflict of interest were not associated with better quality. Odds of formal internal quality evaluation (odds ratio [OR], 1.10 per year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.19) and either planned, formal internal quality evaluation or abstraction of quality criteria of included studies (OR, 1.17 per year; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26) increased over time, without positive trends in other quality criteria from 1990 through June 2008. Systematic reviews with internal quality evaluation did not meet other quality criteria more often than those that ignored the quality of included studies. CONCLUSION: Collaborative efforts from investigators and journal editors are needed to improve the quality of systematic reviews. |
| | |
Authors:
|
Tatyana Shamliyan; Robert L Kane; Stacy Jansen |
Publication Detail:
|
Type: Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Date: 2010-10-15 |
Journal Detail:
|
Title: Preventing chronic disease Volume: 7 ISSN: 1545-1151 ISO Abbreviation: Prev Chronic Dis Publication Date: 2010 Nov |
Date Detail:
|
Created Date: 2010-10-18 Completed Date: 2011-04-12 Revised Date: 2011-07-20 |
Medline Journal Info:
|
Nlm Unique ID: 101205018 Medline TA: Prev Chronic Dis Country: United States |
Other Details:
|
Languages: eng Pagination: A133 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
|
Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, D351 Mayo (MMC 197), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. shaml005@umn.edu |
Export Citation:
|
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
|
Chronic Disease
/
epidemiology* Conflict of Interest Epidemiologic Studies* Periodicals as Topic Publishing / standards Research / economics, standards* Review Literature as Topic* Risk Factors |
| Grant Support | |
ID/Acronym/Agency:
|
290-02-0009//PHS HHS |
| Comments/Corrections | |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
| Full Text | |
|
Journal Information Journal ID (nlm-ta): Prev Chronic Dis ISSN: 1545-1151 Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
Article Information Download PDF  collection publication date: Month: 11 Year: 2010 Electronic publication date: Day: 15 Month: 10 Year: 2010 Volume: 7 Issue: 6 E-location ID: A133 ID: 2995597 PubMed Id: 20950540 Publisher Id: PCDv76_09_0195 |
| Quality of Systematic Reviews of Observational Nontherapeutic Studies | |
| Tatyana Shamliyan, MD, MS |
Affiliation: Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center, University of Minnesota School of Public Health Address: D351 Mayo (MMC 197), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 612-624-1185 shaml005@umn.edu |
| Robert L. Kane, MD |
Affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Stacy Jansen, MPH |
Affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota |
Introduction
Valid epidemiologic research is essential in preventing chronic diseases (1-3). Assessing the quality of observational studies is an important part of evidence synthesis (4). Systematic reviews have become key tools in evidence synthesis from a growing number of epidemiologic studies (5). Producing high-quality systematic reviews is essential to developing generalizable and actionable conclusions (6,7). Quality criteria for systematic reviews have been proposed by working groups that developed the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE), Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), and a measurement tool for assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR) (8-12). The working groups and the Cochrane handbook (13) addressed those criteria for systematic reviews that more likely result in biased results, including bias in selection of the studies or the information within studies by the reviewers (14-18) or bias in the publication of positive significant results (6,15,19,20).
Previous research and guidelines (13,21-23) focus on systematic reviews of interventional therapeutic studies. Validity of observational nontherapeutic studies of prevalence of chronic diseases or risk factors for diseases is essential for effective preventive public health actions (24,25). Our aim was to evaluate the quality of systematic reviews of observational nontherapeutic studies that examined the incidence and prevalence of chronic conditions and risk factors for diseases. The criteria we used to determine the reporting and methodologic quality in systematic reviews were from published standards (8-12). We hypothesized that the quality of systematic reviews differs by the time when the study was published, the country in which the study was conducted, the journal of publication, the sponsorship of the study, and whether a conflict of interest was disclosed. We hypothesized also that systematic reviews with internal quality evaluation of the included studies would have better quality, demonstrating commitment to quality of evidence.
Methods
Data sources
We searched MEDLINE via PubMed and via Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library (26) and working groups, WorldCat (27), and Scirus (28) to find systematic reviews of observational nontherapeutic studies published in English from 1966 through June 2008 in core clinical journals (exact search string is listed in Appendix Table 1). We used the definitions of core clinical journals from the Abridged Index Medicus (119 indexed titles). We defined observational nontherapeutic studies as observations of patient outcomes that did not examine procedures concerned with the remedial treatment or prevention of diseases (29).
Study selection
Three investigators independently decided on the eligibility of the studies according to recommendations from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (13). We reviewed abstracts to exclude comments, expert opinions, letters, case reports, systematic reviews of interventional studies, and systematic reviews of studies of diagnostic accuracy of tests.
Data extraction
Evaluations of the studies and data extraction were performed independently by 2 researchers. Predefined categorical responses to the checklist items were abstracted into our spreadsheet. Errors in data extraction were assessed by a comparison of the data charts with the original articles (13,30). Any discrepancies were discussed and resolved. The quality criteria that we abstracted were based on guidelines for determining the reporting and methodologic quality of systematic reviews (8-12).
To evaluate selection bias, we abstracted whether the authors of systematic reviews described the search strategy (yes, no, or partially); yes indicated that the authors reported time periods of searches, searched databases, and exact search string. We abstracted whether the authors of systematic reviews described study flow (yes, no, or partially); yes indicated that the authors reported the list of retrieved citations, the list of excluded studies, and justification for exclusion.
We abstracted as dichotomous variables whether the authors of systematic reviews did any of the following:
- Stated the aim of the review and the primary and secondary hypotheses of the review.
- Included or justified exclusion of articles published in languages other than English.
- Searched for gray literature, including abstracts and unpublished studies, to evaluate publication bias (21).
- Described any contact with authors of the included studies.
- Analyzed sponsorship of and conflict of interest in the included studies.
We abstracted how the authors of systematic reviews described obtained statistical methods with justification and models for pooling with fixed or random effects models in sufficient detail to be replicated (no pooling, random, or fixed). We abstracted whether the authors of pooling analyses reported statistical tests for heterogeneity and whether heterogeneity was statistically significant (not reported, not significant, or significant).
We used 3 categories to classify whether the authors of systematic reviews had evaluated the quality of included studies by using developed or previously published checklists or scales (31): 1) the authors stated planned, formal internal quality evaluations; 2) the authors abstracted selected criteria of external or internal validity without using a planned, formal, and comprehensive internal quality evaluation; and 3) the authors did not conduct internal quality evaluations. We further categorized the studies that evaluated quality criteria to compare studies with no mention of internal quality evaluation of the included studies. We also compared studies with and without planned formal internal quality evaluation. We abstracted with dichotomous responses blinding and reliability testing (reported or not reported) of internal quality evaluations.
We abstracted several explanatory variables that could be related to the quality of systematic reviews:
- The year of publication, defined as a continuous variable. We created categories of 4- or 5-year periods: 1990 to 1994, 1995 to 1999, 2000 to 2004, and 2005 through June 2008.
- The journals of publication.
- The country where the systematic reviews were performed.
- The sponsorship of the reviews. Those that had either governmental or foundational support or were fellowships were defined as having nonprofit support.
- The disclosure of conflict of interest by authors of reviews (either not disclosed, disclosed as no conflict of interest, or disclosed conflict of interest).
- The number of disclosed relationships with industry, defined as a continuous variable.
- The sponsor's participation in data collection, analysis, and interpretation of the results of the review.
- The review outcomes as risk factors for prevalence or incidence of chronic conditions or diseases.
Data synthesis
We summarized the results in evidence tables. We used prespecified categories of dependent and independent variables and did not force the data into binary categories for definitive tests of significance. We used univariate logistic regression to examine the association between internal quality evaluation and the year of the publication by using the Wald test. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with binary logit models and Fisher's scoring method technique. We computed the fractions of systematic reviews meeting various quality criteria in each of the 4 time periods considered. The proportions of systematic reviews that met different levels of each quality criterion were evaluated by using χ2 tests and Fisher's exact tests in cases of small numbers. All calculations were performed at 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by using 2-sided P values with SAS version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina).
Results
We found 145 eligible systematic reviews of observational nontherapeutic studies (study flow in the Appendix Figure) (32-176). The number of published systematic reviews increased from 17 during 1990-1994 to 56 during 2005-2008. Most of the studies were conducted in the United States (55 publications) or in the United Kingdom (28 publications) (Appendix Table 2). Half of the systematic reviews (73 publications) were funded by nonprofit organizations; 56 (39%) reviews did not publish their funding sources, 4 reviews received industry support, and 10 were sponsored jointly by industry and nonprofit organizations. Almost three-fourths (106) of the authors of systematic reviews did not disclose conflict of interest; 35 publications stated that the authors do not have any conflict of interest; and 4 studies were conducted by authors who reported conflict of interest. The studies were published in 49 journals. Most systematic reviews (122 studies) assessed risk factors for chronic diseases, 19 summarized estimates of prevalence or incidence, 2 studies reported prevalence and associations with risk factors, and 2 studies examined levels of risk factors. Most studies reported incidence and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (46 studies) or cancer (26 studies).
Quality of systematic reviews
Less than half of the studies reported study flow (49%), assessed gray literature (27%), or addressed language bias (29%) (Table 1). Only 2% of reviews abstracted sponsorship of individual studies and none abstracted the disclosure of conflict of interest by the authors of individual studies that were eligible for the reviews. Pooling was performed in 137 studies; of these, 62% used a random effects model; 57% reported detecting significant heterogeneity across the studies; and 19% did not provide any information about statistical heterogeneity in pooled estimates. The proportion of systematic reviews that met quality criteria including study flow, assessment of gray literature, or the abstraction of funding sources of included studies did not show significant trends from 1990 through 2008. The proportion of systematic reviews that assessed language bias increased from 8% during 1995-1999 to 41% during 2005-2008. In later years, more studies reported using random effects models (79% during 2005-2008 vs 39% during 1995-1999) and tests for statistical heterogeneity (89% during 2005-2008 vs 65% during 1995-1999).
Internal quality evaluation
Planned and detailed quality assessment of included studies was reported in 37% of systematic reviews, and 18% abstracted more than 1 criterion of external or internal quality; significant positive trends were reported during the evaluated time (Table 1). Quality assessment was masked in 3 studies. Development of the appraisals, including references to previously published tools, was reported in 32 studies, but only 6 tested interobserver agreement for quality assessment.
Quality of systematic review by explanatory factors
The quality of systematic reviews did not differ much by study location or by the journal of publication. Systematic reviews of prevalence or incidence or risk factors of the diseases did not differ in their quality measures. Sponsorship was not associated with quality of the reviews. The role of conflict of interest was impossible to establish because the authors of 56 reviews did not disclose funding and authors of 106 reviews did not disclose conflict of interest.
Explanatory factors of internal quality evaluation of included studies
The journal of publication, topic of the review, and continent where the review was conducted were not associated with the likelihood of internal quality evaluation. Systematic reviews of risk factors tended to conduct internal quality evaluation of the included studies more often than reviews of incidence or prevalence or of levels of risk factors. Systematic reviews sponsored by nonprofit organizations conducted internal quality evaluations of individual studies more often than reviews that received corporate funding. Systematic reviews that disclosed conflict of interest conducted internal quality evaluation of individual studies less frequently (10 of 39 studies; 26%) than reviews with no disclosure (44 of 106 studies; 42%). Odds of formal internal quality evaluation (OR, 1.10 per year; 95% CI, 1.02-1.19) and either planned, formal internal quality evaluation or abstraction of quality criteria (OR, 1.17 per year; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26) increased over time. Disclosure of conflict of interest by the authors of systematic reviews was not associated with greater odds of internal quality evaluation.
Quality of systematic reviews by internal quality evaluation
Complete documentation of the literature search including time period, databases searched, and exact literature search strings was less common among reviews with planned, formal internal quality evaluation (48 studies, 35%) than among reviews without it (90 studies, 65%) (Table 2). However, reviews that either abstracted selected quality criteria or planned, formal internal quality evaluation reported partial (6 studies) or complete (74 studies) information about the literature search more often than studies that did not evaluate quality of included studies (64 studies). Reviews that did not justify exclusion of non-English studies ignored quality of individual studies more often (72 studies) than reviews with planned, formal internal quality evaluation (31 studies). The same pattern was present for publication bias: the reviews that did not mention gray literature also ignored the quality of individual studies. The reviews reporting attempts to contact the authors of included studies either performed planned, formal internal quality evaluation or abstracted selected quality criteria more often than reviews without such attempts (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.7). Reviews with complete reporting of study flow performed planned, formal internal quality evaluation or abstracted quality criteria more often (51 studies) than reviews without study flows (20 studies). More than half of systematic reviews without planned, formal internal quality evaluation (44 studies) also did not report study flow.
The association between quality of systematic reviews and sponsor participation in the data collection, analyses, and interpretation was difficult to analyze because this information was either omitted or reported in various ways. Less than 10% of systematic reviews contained a clear statement that the sponsors did not play any role in gathering the studies or analyzing or interpreting the results and did not influence the content of the manuscript. Other reviews omitted mention of the role of the sponsor in approval of the manuscript or provided a general statement that sponsors did not influence the conclusions or the content of the paper. Two reviews included statements of unconditional or unrestricted sponsorship of the meta-analyses.
Discussion
Our analyses showed that less than half of the systematic reviews of nontherapeutic observational studies that were published in core clinical journals met each quality criterion. Quality of systematic reviews did not improve over time. Planned, formal internal quality evaluations of the included studies was reported in less than half of systematic reviews, but the prevalence of internal quality evaluations has increased during the last decade. Our findings are in concordance with previously published methodologic analyses of systematic reviews that also found inconsistent quality and incomplete internal quality evaluation of individual studies (6). Methodologic analyses of systematic reviews that focused on particular diseases or conditions demonstrated that half of the publications had major flaws in design and reporting. For instance, systematic reviews of therapies for renal diseases failed to assess the methodologic quality of included studies (177). Methodologic analyses of systematic reviews of interventions showed that 69% of those randomly selected in MEDLINE meta-analyses did not analyze quality of trials (22). Most (68%) systematic reviews of diagnostic tests for cancer did not provide formal assessments of study quality (178). We also found that the quality of reviews did not differ among types of studies (incidence or risk factors for diseases), types of diseases, or journal of publication.
Journal commitment to high-quality research, however, was associated with improved reporting quality of the publications. For example, adoption by journals of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) improved the quality of the publications of interventional studies (179,180). An endorsement of the developed standards for observational studies including MOOSE and STROBE checklists may also improve quality of the publications. We did not analyze how many core clinical journals adopted these standards and how quality of the publications changed depending on this adaptation. Peer review of submitted manuscripts should include quality assessment using validated tools (12).
We could not identify the factors that can explain differences in quality of systematic reviews. The role of sponsorship and conflict of interest could not be estimated because of poor reporting of this information. The quality and reliability of quality evaluation of the included studies is unclear because development of the appraisals was described in a small proportion of systematic reviews (32 of 80 studies), and only 6 of 80 studies tested interobserver agreement for quality assessment. We did not evaluate all reviews of observational studies that were published in epidemiologic journals. However, it is unlikely that the quality of reviews published in other journals would be better than those in core clinical journals. Future research should investigate the factors that can explain differences in the quality of systematic reviews.
Peer reviewed publications of high-quality systematic reviews can provide the best available research evidence for evidence-based public health (24). Evidence-based decisions can improve public health practice in preventing incidence and progression of chronic diseases (25). In our analysis, less than half of the systematic reviews of observational nontherapeutic studies met quality criteria established in the MOOSE, STROBE, and AMSTAR statements. Internal quality evaluation of included studies should be an essential part of evidence synthesis, but only half of the reviews reported such evaluation. Collaborative efforts from investigators and journal editors are needed to improve quality of systematic reviews.
Notes
The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above. URLs for nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. URLs do not constitute an endorsement of any organization by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of Web pages found at these URLs.
Suggested citation for this article: Shamliyan T, Kane RL, Jansen S. Quality of systematic reviews of observational nontherapeutic studies. Prev Chronic Dis 2010;7(6) http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/nov/09_0195.htm. Accessed [date].
This article is based on research conducted by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, Maryland (contract no. 290-02-0009).
We thank our reviewers David Atkins, MD, John Hoey, MD, and Christine Laine, MD, for reviewing and commenting on the draft; our collaborating experts, Mohammed Ansari, MBBS, Ethan Balk, MD, Nancy Berkman, PhD, Chantelle Garritty, Mark Grant, MD, Gail Janes, PhD, Margaret Maglione, MPP, David Moher, PhD, Mona Nasser, DDS, Gowri Raman, MD, Karen Robinson, MD, Jodi Segal, MD, and Thomas Trikalinos, PhD, for their scientific input throughout this project; and Carmen Kelly, PharmD, our task order officer, and Stephanie Chang, MD, medical officer, at AHRQ for their guidance throughout the project. We also thank librarian Judith Stanke for her contributions to the literature search; research assistants Emily Zabor, candidate for the master of science degree (MS) in biostatistics, and Akweley Ablorh, candidate for MS in biostatistics, for the data abstraction, quality control, and synthesis of evidence; Zhihua Bian, candidate for MS in biostatistics, for her statistical help; Zhiyuan Xu, candidate for MS in applied economics, for his work creating the ACCESS database; Dean McWilliams for his assistance in database development; Qi Wang, research fellow, for her statistical expertise in reliability testing; Susan Duval, PhD, for her help estimating sample size; Marilyn Eells for editing and formatting the report; and Nancy Russell, MLS, and Rebecca Schultz for their assistance gathering data from the experts and formatting the tables, and Christa Prodzinski for quality control of the data.
References
| 1. | Bero LA,Jadad AR. 1271Year: 19973742How consumers and policymakers can use systematic reviews for decision makingAnn Intern Med9214251 |
| 2. | Chan KS,Morton SC,Shekelle PG. 1011 Pt 1Year: 2004806812Systematic reviews for evidence-based management: how to find them and what to do with themAm J Manag Care15623270 |
| 3. | Biss PA,Zaza S,Pappaioanou M,Fielding J,Wright-De Agüero L,Truman BI,et al. 181 SupplYear: 20003543Developing an evidence-based Guide to Community Preventive Services — methods. The Task Force on Community Preventive ServicesAm J Prev Med10806978 |
| 4. | West S,King V,Carey TS,Lohr KN,McKoy N,Sutton SF,et al. Rockville (MD)Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityYear: 2002Systems to rate the strength of scientific evidence. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment no. 47 (Prepared by the Research Triangle Institute — University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract no. 290-97-0011) AHRQ Publication no. 02-E016. |
| 5. | US Preventive Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityYear: 2008Rockville (MD)Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityThe guide to clinical preventive services, 2008: recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force |
| 6. | Moher D,Tetzlaff J,Tricco AC,Sampson M,Altman DG. 43Year: 2007e78Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviewsPLoS Med17388659 |
| 7. | Tricco AC,Tetzlaff J,Sampson M,Fergusson D,Cogo E,Horsley T,et al. 615Year: 2008422434Few systematic reviews exist documenting the extent of bias: a systematic reviewJ Clin Epidemiol18394534 |
| 8. | Stroup DF,Berlin JA,Morton SC,Olkin I,Williamson GD,Rennie D,et al. 28315Year: 200020082012Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) groupJAMA10789670 |
| 9. | Tooth L,Ware R,Bain C,Purdie DM,Dobson A. 1613Year: 2005280288Quality of reporting of observational longitudinal researchAm J Epidemiol15671260 |
| 10. | Vandenbroucke JP,von Elm E,Altman DG,Gøtzsche PC,Mulrow CD,Pocock SJ,et al. 186Year: 2007805835Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaborationEpidemiology18049195 |
| 11. | von Elm E,Altman DG,Egger M,Pocock SJ,Gotzsche PC,Vandenbroucke JP. 3709596Year: 200714531457 The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studiesLancet18064739 |
| 12. | Shea BJ,Grimshaw JM,Wells GA,Boers M,Andersson N,Hamel C,et al. Year: 2007710Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviewsBMC Med Res Methodol17302989 |
| 13. | Higgins JPT,Green SYear: 2008Chichester, West Sussex (GB)John Wiley and Sons LtdCochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions |
| 14. | Whitehead A. Year: 2002Chichester, West Sussex (GB)John Wiley and Sons LtdMeta-analysis of controlled clinical trials |
| 15. | Egger M,Smith GD. 3167124Year: 19986166Bias in location and selection of studiesBMJ9451274 |
| 16. | Dickersin K. 26310Year: 199013851389The existence of publication bias and risk factors for its occurrenceJAMA2406472 |
| 17. | Dickersin K. 91 SupplYear: 19971521How important is publication bias? A synthesis of available dataAIDS Educ Prev9083596 |
| 18. | Dickersin K,Min YI. Year: 1993Month: 4 Day: 28 NIH clinical trials and publication biasOnline J Curr Clin Trials Doc No 50:[4,967 words; 53 paragraphs]. |
| 19. | Ravnskov U. 3056844Year: 19921519Cholesterol lowering trials in coronary heart disease: frequency of citation and outcomeBMJ1638188 |
| 20. | Moher D,Soeken K,Sampson M,Ben-Porat L,Berman B. Year: 200223Assessing the quality of reports of systematic reviews in pediatric complementary and alternative medicineBMC Pediatr11914146 |
| 21. | Methods guide for comparative effectiveness reviews. Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityAccessed June 2010 http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/repFiles/20090427IdenttifyingTopics.pdf. |
| 22. | Jadad AR,Cook DJ,Jones A,Klassen TP,Tugwell P,Moher M,et al. 2803Year: 1998278280Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journalsJAMA9676681 |
| 23. | Liberati A,Altman DG,Tetzlaff J,Mulrow C,Gøtzsche PC,Ioannidis JP,et al. Year: 2009339b2700The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaborationBMJ19622552 |
| 24. | Brownson RC,Fielding JE,Maylahn CM. Year: 200930175201Evidence-based public health: a fundamental concept for public health practiceAnnu Rev Public Health19296775 |
| 25. | Brownson RC,Gurney JG,Land GH. 55Year: 19998697Evidence-based decision making in public healthJ Public Health Manag Pract10558389 |
| 26. | Higgins J,Green S. The Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 4.2.6, updated September 2006Accessed July 2010 http://www2.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/handbook.pdf. |
| 27. | WorldCat. OCLC Online Computer Library CenterAccessed July 2010 http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/. |
| 28. | Scirus for scientific information onlyElsevierAccessed July 2010 http://www.scirus.com. |
| 29. | Principles of epidemiology. Year: 2006Atlanta (GA)US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Workforce and Career DevelopmentPrinciples of epidemiology in public health practice: an introduction to applied epidemiology and biostatistics3rd edition |
| 30. | Higgins JPT,Green SHiggins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, version 5.0.2 [updated September 2009]London (GB)Cochrane CollaborationYear: 2009Accessed July 2010 http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/. |
| 31. | Lundh A,Gøtzsche PC. Year: 2008822Recommendations by Cochrane Review Groups for assessment of the risk of bias in studiesBMC Med Res Methodol18426565 |
| 32. | Bracken MB. 763 Pt 2Year: 1990552557Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: a review and meta-analysis of the prospective studiesObstet Gynecol2143279 |
| 33. | Romieu I,Berlin JA,Colditz G. 6611Year: 199022532263Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Review and meta-analysisCancer2147122 |
| 34. | Haughey BH,Gates GA,Arfken CL,Harvey J. 1012 Pt 1Year: 1992105112Meta-analysis of second malignant tumors in head and neck cancer: the case for an endoscopic screening protocolAnn Otol Rhinol Laryngol1531402 |
| 35. | Lemon HM,Heidel JW,Rodriguez-Sierra JF. 692Year: 1992457465 Increased catechol estrogen metabolism as a risk factor for nonfamilial breast cancerCancer1309434 |
| 36. | McKenna MJ. 931Year: 19926977Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderlyAm J Med1385673 |
| 37. | Morris RD,Audet AM,Angelillo IF,Chalmers TC,Mosteller F. 827Year: 1992955963Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysisAm J Public Health1535181 |
| 38. | Myers MG,Basinski A. 1529Year: 199217671772Coffee and coronary heart diseaseArch Intern Med1387780 |
| 39. | Becker LB,Smith DW,Rhodes KV. 221Year: 19938691Incidence of cardiac arrest: a neglected factor in evaluating survival ratesAnn Emerg Med8424622 |
| 40. | Brownson RC,Novotny TE,Perry MC. 1534Year: 1993469475Cigarette smoking and adult leukemia. A meta-analysisArch Intern Med8435026 |
| 41. | Ernst E,Resch KL. 11812Year: 1993956963Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor: a meta-analysis and review of the literatureAnn Intern Med8489110 |
| 42. | Katerndahl DA. 1819Year: 1993539544Panic and prolapse. Meta-analysisJ Nerv Ment Dis8245921 |
| 43. | Harris EC,Barraclough BM. 736Year: 1994281296Suicide as an outcome for medical disordersMedicine (Baltimore)7984079 |
| 44. | Kawachi I,Colditz GA,Stone CB. 723Year: 1994269275Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta-analysisBr Heart J7946780 |
| 45. | Law MR,Thompson SG,Wald NJ. 3086925Year: 1994373379Assessing possible hazards of reducing serum cholesterolBMJ8124144 |
| 46. | Law MR,Wald NJ,Thompson SG. 3086925Year: 1994367372By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?BMJ8043072 |
| 47. | Steffen R,Kane MA,Shapiro CN,Billo N,Schoellhorn KJ,van Damme P. 27211Year: 1994885889Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis A in travelersJAMA8078167 |
| 48. | Zhang ZF,Begg CB. 234Year: 1994682690Is Trichomonas vaginalis a cause of cervical neoplasia? Results from a combined analysis of 24 studiesInt J Epidemiol8002180 |
| 49. | Everhart J,Wright D. 27320Year: 199516051609Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancerJAMA7745774 |
| 50. | Feinberg WM,Blackshear JL,Laupacis A,Kronmal R,Hart RG. 1555Year: 1995469473Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implicationsArch Intern Med7864703 |
| 51. | Ritchie K,Kildea D. 3468980Year: 1995931934Is senile dementia "age-related" or "ageing-related"? — evidence from meta-analysis of dementia prevalence in the oldest oldLancet7564727 |
| 52. | Raman-Wilms L,Tseng AL,Wighardt S,Einarson TR,Koren G. 851Year: 1995141149Fetal genital effects of first-trimester sex hormone exposure: a meta-analysisObstet Gynecol7800312 |
| 53. | Hatsukami DK,Fischman MW. 27619Year: 199615801588Crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride. Are the differences myth or reality?JAMA8918856 |
| 54. | Hill JC,Schoener EP. 1539Year: 199611431146Age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorderAm J Psychiatry8780416 |
| 55. | Hackshaw AK,Law MR,Wald NJ. 3157114Year: 1997980988The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smokeBMJ9365295 |
| 56. | Kluijtmans LA,Kastelein JJ,Lindemans J,Boers GH,Heil SG,Bruschke AV,et al. 968Year: 199725732577Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in coronary artery diseaseCirculation9355896 |
| 57. | Law MR,Hackshaw AK. 3157112Year: 1997841846A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effectBMJ9353503 |
| 58. | Law MR,Morris JK,Wald NJ. 3157114Year: 1997973980Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidenceBMJ9365294 |
| 59. | Danesh J,Collins R,Appleby P,Peto R. 27918Year: 199814771482Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studiesJAMA9600484 |
| 60. | French R,Brocklehurst P. 1058Year: 1998827835The effect of pregnancy on survival in women infected with HIV: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysisBr J Obstet Gynaecol9746374 |
| 61. | Forgie MA,Wells PS,Laupacis A,Fergusson D. 1586Year: 1998610616Preoperative autologous donation decreases allogeneic transfusion but increases exposure to all red blood cell transfusion: results of a meta-analysis. International Study of Perioperative Transfusion (ISPOT) InvestigatorsArch Intern Med9521225 |
| 62. | Huang JQ,Sridhar S,Chen Y,Hunt RH. 1146Year: 199811691179Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancerGastroenterology9609753 |
| 63. | Johnston SC,Colford JM Jr,Gress DR. 512Year: 1998411418Oral contraceptives and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysisNeurology9710012 |
| 64. | Lazarou J,Pomeranz BH,Corey PN. 27915Year: 199812001205Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studiesJAMA9555760 |
| 65. | Ray JG. 15819Year: 199821012106Meta-analysis of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for venous thromboembolic diseaseArch Intern Med9801176 |
| 66. | Spencer-Green G. 1586Year: 1998595600Outcomes in primary Raynaud phenomenon: a meta-analysis of the frequency, rates, and predictors of transition to secondary diseasesArch Intern Med9521223 |
| 67. | Stratton JF,Pharoah P,Smith SK,Easton D,Ponder BA. 1055Year: 1998493499A systematic review and meta-analysis of family history and risk of ovarian cancerBr J Obstet Gynaecol9637117 |
| 68. | Zock PL,Katan MB. 681Year: 1998142153Linoleic acid intake and cancer risk: a review and meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr9665108 |
| 69. | Zondervan KT,Yudkin PL,Vessey MP,Dawes MG,Barlow DH,Kennedy SH. 1051Year: 19989399The prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women in the United Kingdom: a systematic reviewBr J Obstet Gynaecol9442169 |
| 70. | Angelillo IF,Villari P. 7711Year: 1999906915Residential exposure to electromagnetic fields and childhood leukaemia: a meta-analysisBull World Health Organ10612886 |
| 71. | He J,Vupputuri S,Allen K,Prerost MR,Hughes J,Whelton PK. 34012Year: 1999920926Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease — a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studiesN Engl J Med10089185 |
| 72. | Shaffer HJ,Hall MN,Vander Bilt J. 899Year: 199913691376Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: a research synthesisAm J Public Health10474555 |
| 73. | Wittrup HH,Tybjaerg-Hansen A,Nordestgaard BG. 9922Year: 199929012907Lipoprotein lipase mutations, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and risk of ischemic heart disease. A meta-analysisCirculation10359734 |
| 74. | Yoder PR,Sabbagha RE,Gross SJ,Zelop CM. 935 Pt 2Year: 1999869872The second-trimester fetus with isolated choroid plexus cysts: a meta-analysis of risk of trisomies 18 and 21Obstet Gynecol10912435 |
| 75. | Christen WG,Ajani UA,Glynn RJ,Hennekens CH. 1604Year: 2000422434Blood levels of homocysteine and increased risks of cardiovascular disease: causal or casual?Arch Intern Med10695683 |
| 76. | Cleophas TJ,Hornstra N,van Hoogstraten B,van der Meulen J. 869Year: 2000100510091005-9, A8Homocysteine, a risk factor for coronary artery disease or not? A meta-analysisAm J Cardiol11053715 |
| 77. | DiMatteo MR,Lepper HS,Croghan TW. 16014Year: 200021012107Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherenceArch Intern Med10904452 |
| 78. | 3559202Year: 2000451455Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant MortalityLancet10841125 |
| 79. | Wilson K,Gibson N,Willan A,Cook D. 1607Year: 2000939944Effect of smoking cessation on mortality after myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of cohort studiesArch Intern Med10761958 |
| 80. | Zeegers MP,Tan FE,Dorant E,van Den Brandt. 893Year: 2000630639The impact of characteristics of cigarette smoking on urinary tract cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studiesCancer10931463 |
| 81. | Danesh J,Whincup P,Walker M,Lennon L,Thomson A,Appleby P,et al. 10319Year: 200123232327Fibrin D-dimer and coronary heart disease: prospective study and meta-analysisCirculation11352877 |
| 82. | Eaden JA,Abrams KR,Mayberry JF. 484Year: 2001526535The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysisGut11247898 |
| 83. | Faraone SV,Doyle AE,Mick E,Biederman J. 1587Year: 200110521057Meta-analysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorderAm J Psychiatry11431226 |
| 84. | Horta BL,Kramer MS,Platt RW. 912Year: 2001304307Maternal smoking and the risk of early weaning: a meta-analysisAm J Public Health11211645 |
| 85. | Rebora A. 1377Year: 2001943947Baldness and coronary artery disease: the dermatologic point of view of a controversial issueArch Dermatol11453815 |
| 86. | Cannon M,Jones PB,Murray RM. 1597Year: 200210801092Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic reviewAm J Psychiatry12091183 |
| 87. | Hellermann JP,Jacobsen SJ,Gersh BJ,Rodeheffer RJ,Reeder GS,Roger VL. 1134Year: 2002324330Heart failure after myocardial infarction: a reviewAm J Med12361819 |
| 88. | Huang JQ,Sridhar S,Hunt RH. 3599300Year: 20021422Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-analysisLancet11809181 |
| 89. | Huncharek M,Kupelnick B. 927Year: 200211731177Use of topical sunscreens and the risk of malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis of 9067 patients from 11 case-control studiesAm J Public Health12084704 |
| 90. | Juul K,Tybjaerg-Hansen A,Steffensen R,Kofoed S,Jensen G,Nordestgaard BG. 1001Year: 2002310Nordestgaard BG. Factor V Leiden: The Copenhagen City Heart Study and 2 meta-analysesBlood12070000 |
| 91. | Kelly PJ,Rosand J,Kistler JP,Shih VE,Silveira S,Plomaritoglou A,et al. 594Year: 2002529536Homocysteine, MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism, and risk of ischemic stroke: results of a meta-analysisNeurology12196644 |
| 92. | Klerk M,Verhoef P,Clarke R,Blom HJ,Kok FJ,Schouten EG. 28816Year: 200220232031MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysisJAMA12387655 |
| 93. | Kozer E,Nikfar S,Costei A,Boskovic R,Nulman I,Koren G. 1876Year: 200216231630 Aspirin consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies: a meta-analysisAm J Obstet Gynecol12501074 |
| 94. | Law MR,Watt HC,Wald NJ. 16221Year: 200224052410The underlying risk of death after myocardial infarction in the absence of treatmentArch Intern Med12437397 |
| 95. | Wald DS,Law M,Morris JK. 3257374Year: 20021202Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysisBMJ12446535 |
| 96. | Wald A,Link K. 1851Year: 20024552Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysisJ Infect Dis11756980 |
| 97. | Benjamin DK Jr,Poole C,Steinbach WJ,Rowen JL,Walsh TJ. 1123 Pt 1Year: 2003634640Neonatal candidemia and end-organ damage: a critical appraisal of the literature using meta-analytic techniquesPediatrics12949295 |
| 98. | Clarfield AM. 16318Year: 200322192229The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: an updated meta-analysisArch Intern Med14557220 |
| 99. | Cole MG,Dendukuri N. 1606Year: 200311471156Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysisAm J Psychiatry12777274 |
| 100. | Gisbert JP,Garcia-Buey L,Pajares JM,Moreno-Otero R. 1256Year: 200317231732Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysisGastroenterology14724825 |
| 101. | Glatt SJ,Faraone SV,Tsuang MT. 1603Year: 2003469476Association between a functional catechol O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and schizophrenia: meta-analysis of case-control and family-based studiesAm J Psychiatry12611827 |
| 102. | Halbert RJ,Isonaka S,George D,Iqbal A. 1235Year: 200316841692Interpreting COPD prevalence estimates: what is the true burden of disease?Chest12740290 |
| 103. | Huang JQ,Zheng GF,Sumanac K,Irvine EJ,Hunt RH. 1256Year: 200316361644Meta-analysis of the relationship between cagA seropositivity and gastric cancerGastroenterology14724815 |
| 104. | Rey E,Kahn SR,David M,Shrier I. 3619361Year: 2003901908Thrombophilic disorders and fetal loss: a meta-analysisLancet12648968 |
| 105. | Riboli E,Norat T. 783 SupplYear: 2003559S569SEpidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer riskAm J Clin Nutr12936950 |
| 106. | Scholten-Peeters GGM,Verhagen AP,Bekkering GE,van der Windt,Barnsley L,Oostendorp RA,et al. 1041Year: 2003303322Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review of prospective cohort studiesPain12855341 |
| 107. | Thurnham DI,McCabe GP,Northrop-Clewes CA,Nestel P. 3629401Year: 200320522058Effects of subclinical infection on plasma retinol concentrations and assessment of prevalence of vitamin A deficiency: meta-analysisLancet14697804 |
| 108. | Zeegers MP,Jellema A,Ostrer H. 978Year: 200318941903Empiric risk of prostate carcinoma for relatives of patients with prostate carcinoma: a meta-analysisCancer12673715 |
| 109. | Burzotta F,Paciaroni K,De Stefano V,Crea F,Maseri A,Leone G,et al. 901Year: 20048286 G20210A prothrombin gene polymorphism and coronary ischaemic syndromes: a phenotype-specific meta-analysis of 12,034 subjectsHeart14676252 |
| 110. | Casas JP,Bautista LE,Humphries SE,Hingorani AD. 10911Year: 200413591365Endothelial nitric oxide synthase genotype and ischemic heart disease: meta-analysis of 26 studies involving 23,028 subjectsCirculation15007011 |
| 111. | Casas JP,Hingorani AD,Bautista LE,Sharma P. 6111Year: 200416521661Meta-analysis of genetic studies in ischemic stroke: thirty-two genes involving approximately 18,000 cases and 58,000 controlsArch Neurol15534175 |
| 112. | He K,Song Y,Daviglus ML,Liu K,Van Horn L,Dyer AR,et al. 10922Year: 200427052711Accumulated evidence on fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studiesCirculation15184295 |
| 113. | Huang X,Chen PC,Poole C. 6212Year: 200421982202APOE-[epsilon]2 allele associated with higher prevalence of sporadic Parkinson diseaseNeurology15210882 |
| 114. | Klement E,Cohen RV,Boxman J,Joseph A,Reif S. 805Year: 200413421352Breastfeeding and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review with meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr15531685 |
| 115. | Kovalevsky G,Gracia CR,Berlin JA,Sammel MD,Barnhart KT. 1645Year: 2004558563Evaluation of the association between hereditary thrombophilias and recurrent pregnancy loss: a meta-analysisArch Intern Med15006834 |
| 116. | Levitan EB,Song Y,Ford ES,Liu S. 16419Year: 200421472155Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studiesArch Intern Med15505129 |
| 117. | Lovett JK,Coull AJ,Rothwell PM. 624Year: 2004569573Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studiesNeurology14981172 |
| 118. | Mitsikostas DD,Sfikakis PP,Goadsby PJ. 127Pt 5Year: 200412001209 A meta-analysis for headache in systemic lupus erythematosus: the evidence and the mythBrain15047589 |
| 119. | Montanez A,Ruskin JN,Hebert PR,Lamas GA,Hennekens CH. 1649Year: 2004943948Prolonged QTc interval and risks of total and cardiovascular mortality and sudden death in the general population: a review and qualitative overview of the prospective cohort studiesArch Intern Med15136301 |
| 120. | Woodbury MG,Houghton PE. 5010Year: 2004222422-4, 26, 28 passimPrevalence of pressure ulcers in Canadian healthcare settings Ostomy Wound Manage15509880 |
| 121. | Bolland MJ,Grey AB,Gamble GD,Reid IR. 903Year: 200515251530Association between primary hyperparathyroidism and increased body weight: a meta-analysisJ Clin Endocrinol Metab15613408 |
| 122. | Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG,Manoli EN,Ioannidis JP. 1155Year: 2005963972Meta-analysis of the association of beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms with asthma phenotypesJ Allergy Clin Immunol15867853 |
| 123. | Dauchet L,Amouyel P,Dallongeville J. 658Year: 200511931197Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studiesNeurology16247045 |
| 124. | Etminan M,Takkouche B,Isorna FC,Samii A. 3307482Year: 200563Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studiesBMJ [Errata published in: BMJ 2005;330(7491):596. BMJ 2005;330(7487):345.]. 15596418 |
| 125. | Fazel M,Wheeler J,Danesh J. 3659467Year: 200513091314Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic reviewLancet15823380 |
| 126. | García-Closas M,Malats N,Silverman D,Dosemeci M,Kogevinas M,Hein DW,et al. 3669486Year: 2005649659NAT2 slow acetylation, GSTM1 null genotype, and risk of bladder cancer: results from the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study and meta-analysesLancet16112301 |
| 127. | Lee YH,Witte T,Momot T,Schmidt RE,Kaufman KM,Harley JB,et al. 5212Year: 200539663974The mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: two case-control studies and a meta-analysisArthritis Rheum16320344 |
| 128. | Lin J,August P. 1051Year: 2005182192Genetic thrombophilias and preeclampsia: a meta-analysisObstet Gynecol15625161 |
| 129. | McDonald S,Murphy K,Beyene J,Ohlsson A. 1931Year: 2005141152Perinatal outcomes of in vitro fertilization twins: a systematic review and meta-analysesAm J Obstet Gynecol16021072 |
| 130. | Palmer BA,Pankratz VS,Bostwick JM. 623Year: 2005247253The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexaminationArch Gen Psychiatry15753237 |
| 131. | Sin DD,Wu L,Man SF. 1276Year: 200519521959The relationship between reduced lung function and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based study and a systematic review of the literatureChest15947307 |
| 132. | Boudville N,Prasad GV,Knoll G,Muirhead N,Thiessen-Philbrook H,Yang RC,et al. 1453Year: 2006185196Meta-analysis: risk for hypertension in living kidney donorsAnn Intern Med16880460 |
| 133. | Clark EM,Tobias JH,Ness AR. 1172Year: 2006e291e297Association between bone density and fractures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysisPediatrics16452336 |
| 134. | de Boer AG,Verbeek JH,van Dijk FJ. 1071Year: 2006111Adult survivors of childhood cancer and unemployment: a metaanalysisCancer16718655 |
| 135. | Di Castelnuovo A,Costanzo S,Bagnardi V,Donati MB,Iacoviello L,de Gaetano G. 16622Year: 200624372445Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studiesArch Intern Med17159008 |
| 136. | Flores-Mateo G,Navas-Acien A,Pastor-Barriuso R,Guallar E. 844Year: 2006762773Selenium and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr17023702 |
| 137. | Galassi A,Reynolds K,He J. 11910Year: 2006812819Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysisAm J Med17000207 |
| 138. | Huxley R,Barzi F,Woodward M. 3327533Year: 20067378Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studiesBMJ16371403 |
| 139. | Kahlenborn C,Modugno F,Potter DM,Severs WB. 8110Year: 200612901302 Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysisMayo Clin Proc17036554 |
| 140. | Larsson SC,Giovannucci E,Wolk A. 1314Year: 200612711283Folate intake, MTHFR polymorphisms, and risk of esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysisGastroenterology17030196 |
| 141. | Mahid SS,Minor KS,Soto RE,Hornung CA,Galandiuk S. 8111Year: 200614621471Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysisMayo Clin Proc17120402 |
| 142. | Owen CG,Martin RM,Whincup PH,Smith GD,Cook DG. 845Year: 200610431054Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidenceAm J Clin Nutr17093156 |
| 143. | Ownby RL,Crocco E,Acevedo A,John V,Loewenstein D. 635Year: 2006530538Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysisArch Gen Psychiatry16651510 |
| 144. | Pavia M,Pileggi C,Nobile CG,Angelillo IF. 835Year: 200611261134Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and oral cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studiesAm J Clin Nutr16685056 |
| 145. | Riddle MS,Sanders JW,Putnam SD,Tribble DR. 745Year: 2006891900Incidence, etiology, and impact of diarrhea among long-term travelers (US military and similar populations): a systematic reviewAm J Trop Med Hyg16687698 |
| 146. | Rutledge T,Reis VA,Linke SE,Greenberg BH,Mills PJ. 488Year: 200615271537Depression in heart failure: a meta-analytic review of prevalence, intervention effects, and associations with clinical outcomesJ Am Coll Cardiol17045884 |
| 147. | Smith GL,Lichtman JH,Bracken MB,Shlipak MG,Phillips CO,DiCapua P,et al. 4710Year: 200619871996Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysisJ Am Coll Cardiol16697315 |
| 148. | Weis E,Shah CP,Lajous M,Shields JA,Shields CL. 1241Year: 20065460The association between host susceptibility factors and uveal melanoma: a meta-analysisArch Ophthalmol16401785 |
| 149. | Williams JG,Higgins JP,Brayne CE. 911Year: 2006815Systematic review of prevalence studies of autism spectrum disordersArch Dis Child15863467 |
| 150. | Bahekar AA,Singh S,Saha S,Molnar J,Arora R. 1545Year: 2007830837The prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease is significantly increased in periodontitis: a meta-analysisAm Heart J17967586 |
| 151. | Baurecht H,Irvine AD,Novak N,Illig T,Bühler B,Ring J,et al. 1206Year: 200714061412Toward a major risk factor for atopic eczema: meta-analysis of filaggrin polymorphism dataJ Allergy Clin Immunol17980411 |
| 152. | Bellamy L,Casas JP,Hingorani AD,Williams DJ. 3357627Year: 2007974Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ17975258 |
| 153. | Conde-Agudelo A,Rosas-Bermudez A,Kafury-Goeta AC. 1964Year: 2007297308 Effects of birth spacing on maternal health: a systematic reviewAm J Obstet Gynecol17403398 |
| 154. | Dehghan A,Kardys I,de Maat MP,Uitterlinden AG,Sijbrands EJ,Bootsma AH,et al. 563Year: 2007872878Genetic variation, C-reactive protein levels, and incidence of diabetesDiabetes17327459 |
| 155. | Eichler K,Puhan MA,Steurer J,Bachmann LM. 1535Year: 2007722731722-31, 731.e1-8Prediction of first coronary events with the Framingham score: a systematic reviewAm Heart J17452145 |
| 156. | Gami AS,Witt BJ,Howard DE,Erwin PJ,Gami LA,Somers VK,et al. 494Year: 2007403414Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studiesJ Am Coll Cardiol17258085 |
| 157. | Grulich AE,van Leeuwen MT,Falster MO,Vajdic CM. 3709581Year: 20075967Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysisLancet17617273 |
| 158. | Havemann BD,Henderson CA,El-Serag HB. 5612Year: 200716541664The association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and asthma: a systematic reviewGut17682001 |
| 159. | Hirtz D,Thurman DJ,Gwinn-Hardy K,Mohamed M,Chaudhuri AR,Zalutsky R. 685Year: 2007326337How common are the "common" neurologic disorders?Neurology17261678 |
| 160. | Huxley R,Owen CG,Whincup PH,Cook DG,Rich-Edwards J,Smith GD,et al. 855Year: 200712441250Is birth weight a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in later life?Am J Clin Nutr17490959 |
| 161. | Krishna V,Kim DH. 1073Year: 2007522529Ethnic differences in risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhageJ Neurosurg17886550 |
| 162. | Langan SM,Flohr C,Williams HC. 14312Year: 200715701577The role of furry pets in eczema: a systematic reviewArch Dermatol18087010 |
| 163. | Larsson SC,Wolk A. 863Year: 2007556565Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studiesAm J Clin Nutr17823417 |
| 164. | Larsson SC,Wolk A. 1325Year: 200717401745Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysisGastroenterology17484871 |
| 165. | Liu T,Li G,Li L,Korantzopoulos P. 4915Year: 200716421648Association between C-reactive protein and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after successful electrical cardioversion: a meta-analysisJ Am Coll Cardiol17433956 |
| 166. | Loza MJ,Chang BL. 1203Year: 2007578585Association between Q551R IL4R genetic variants and atopic asthma risk demonstrated by meta-analysisJ Allergy Clin Immunol17586032 |
| 167. | Pittas AG,Lau J,Hu FB,Dawson-Hughes B. 926Year: 200720172029The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysisJ Clin Endocrinol Metab17389701 |
| 168. | Polanczyk G,de Lima MS,Horta BL,Biederman J,Rohde LA. 1646Year: 2007942948The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysisAm J Psychiatry17541055 |
| 169. | Rona RJ,Keil T,Summers C,Gislason D,Zuidmeer L,Sodergren E,et al. 1203Year: 2007638646The prevalence of food allergy: a meta-analysisJ Allergy Clin Immunol17628647 |
| 170. | Sarwar N,Danesh J,Eiriksdottir G,Sigurdsson G,Wareham N,Bingham S,et al. 1154Year: 2007450458Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studiesCirculation17190864 |
| 171. | Snoep JD,Hovens MM,Eikenboom JC,van der Bom JG,Jukema JW,Huisman MV. 1542Year: 2007221231Clopidogrel nonresponsiveness in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting: a systematic review and meta-analysisAm Heart J17643570 |
| 172. | Zintzaras E,Kaditis AG. 1612Year: 2007172178Sleep-disordered breathing and blood pressure in children: a meta-analysisArch Pediatr Adolesc Med17283303 |
| 173. | Ageno W,Becattini C,Brighton T,Selby R,Kamphuisen PW. 1171Year: 200893102Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysisCirculation18086925 |
| 174. | Barclay AW,Petocz P,McMillan-Price J,Flood VM,Prvan T,Mitchell P,et al. 873Year: 2008627637Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk — a meta-analysis of observational studiesAm J Clin Nutr18326601 |
| 175. | Conde-Agudelo A,Villar J,Lindheimer M. 1981Year: 2008722Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysisAm J Obstet Gynecol18166297 |
| 176. | Schunkert H,Gotz A,Braund P,McGinnis R,Tregouet DA,Mangino M,et al. 11713Year: 200816751684Repeated replication and a prospective meta-analysis of the association between chromosome 9p21.3 and coronary artery diseaseCirculation18362232 |
| 177. | Mrkobrada M,Thiessen-Philbrook H,Haynes RB,Iansavichus AV,Rehman F,Garg AX. 34Year: 200811021114Need for quality improvement in renal systematic reviewsClin J Am Soc Nephrol18400967 |
| 178. | Mallett S,Deeks JJ,Halligan S,Hopewell S,Cornelius V,Altman DG. 3337565Year: 2006413Systematic reviews of diagnostic tests in cancer: review of methods and reportingBMJ16849365 |
| 179. | Needleman I,Worthington H,Moher D,Schulz K,Altman DG. 211Year: 2008712Improving the completeness and transparency of reports of randomized trials in oral health: the CONSORT statementAm J Dent18435368 |
| 180. | Plint AC,Moher D,Morrison A,Schulz K,Altman DG,Hill C,et al. 1855Year: 2006263267Does the CONSORT checklist improve the quality of reports of randomised controlled trials? A systematic reviewMed J Aust16948622 |
Appendix
Figures
[Figure ID: AF1] |
Figure 1
Study flow to identify systematic reviews of observational studies, scales, and checklists for planned formal internal quality evaluation, and studies about bias in observational research, 1990 through June 2008. Alternate Text: Flow chart. |
Tables
[TableWrap ID: TA1]
Table 1
Search Strategy and Exact Search Strings Used to Identify Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies, Scales and Checklists for Internal Quality Evaluation, and Studies About Bias in Observational Research, 1966 Through June 2008
| Search Method | No. of Articles Identified |
|---|---|
| Search strategy for Ovid MEDLINE | |
| 1. exp Research Design/st [Standards] | 4,303 |
| 2. exp Chronic Disease/ep [Epidemiology] | 1,619 |
| 3. exp Urinary Incontinence/ep [Epidemiology] | 1,155 |
| 4. exp Fecal Incontinence/ep [Epidemiology] | 328 |
| 5. exp "Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders"/ep [Epidemiology] | 565 |
| 6. exp Depression/ep [Epidemiology] | 4,700 |
| 7. exp Depressive Disorder/ep [Epidemiology] | 6,816 |
| 8. exp Myocardial Infarction/ | 43,531 |
| 9. 6 or 7 | 11,214 |
| 10. 8 and 9 | 105 |
| 11. 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 10 | 3,636 |
| 12. 1 and 11 | 9 |
| 13. exp Data Collection/mt, st [Methods, Standards] | 36,173 |
| 14. exp "Bias (Epidemiology)"/ | 25,369 |
| 15. exp Questionnaires/st [Standards] | 3,879 |
| 16. exp Evidence-Based Medicine/ | 27,487 |
| 17. 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 | 86,857 |
| 18. 11 and 17 | 127 |
| 19. 12 or 18 | 133 |
| 20. limit 19 to english language | 124 |
| 21. exp "Predictive Value of Tests"/ | 62,290 |
| 22. exp "Reproducibility of Results"/ | 126,475 |
| 23. 21 or 22 | 182,941 |
| 24. 11 and 23 | 126 |
| 25. limit 24 to english language | 121 |
| 26. 20 or 25 | 224 |
| 27. exp randomized controlled trial/ | 151,027 |
| 28. 11 and 27 | 74 |
| 29. exp research design/ | 134,468 |
| 30. 28 and 29 | 15 |
| 31. 1 and 16 | 547 |
| 32. ep.fs. | 434,923 |
| 33. exp epidemiology/ | 6,500 |
| 34. 32 or 33 | 437,784 |
| 35. 31 and 34 | 29 |
| 36. exp incidence/ | 81,260 |
| 37. exp prevalence/ | 83,713 |
| 38. 36 or 37 | 157,239 |
| 39. 31 and 38 | 14 |
| 40. 26 or 30 or 35 or 39 | 268 |
| 41. limit 40 to english language | 267 |
| 42. limit 41 to journal article | 251 |
| 43. from 42 keep 1-251 | 251 |
| MEDLINE search via PubMed | |
| ("Biomedical Research/methods"[MeSH] OR "Biomedical Research/organization and administration"[MeSH] OR "Biomedical Research/standards"[MeSH] OR "Biomedical Research/statistics and numerical data"[MeSH] OR "Biomedical Research/trends"[MeSH]) Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English | 3,703 |
| "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] AND ("Evaluation Studies as Topic/classification"[MeSH] OR "Evaluation Studies as Topic/methods"[MeSH] OR "Evaluation Studies as Topic/standards"[MeSH]) Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English | 59 |
| "Publishing/standards"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Methods"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English | 65 |
| "STROBE Initiative"[Corporate Author] | 10 |
| "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Methods"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English | 97 |
| "Evidence-Based Medicine"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Methods"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English | 25 |
| "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Measurements"[MeSH] AND "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English AND "Incidence"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English | 8 |
| "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Measurements"[MeSH] AND "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English AND "Prevalence"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English | 7 |
| ("Prevalence"[MeSH]) AND systematic[sb] "Working group" Limits: English | 15 |
| [CN] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English, Core clinical journals | 2 |
| ("Prevalence"[MeSH]) AND systematic[sb] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English, Core clinical journals | 83 |
| Moher D[author] | 198 |
| "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English AND "Incidence"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English, Core clinical journals | 57 |
| "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Incidence"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English | 236 |
| "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Incidence"[MeSH] AND Evidence Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English | 52 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English | 635 |
| "Risk"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English, Core clinical journals | 273 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English, Core clinical journals | 84 |
| Altman DG[author] | 7 |
| Higgins J[author] | 3 |
| "Review Literature as Topic"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] Limits: Humans, English, Core clinical journals | 0 |
| "Review Literature as Topic"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Quality control"[MeSH] | 1 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Peer Review, Research"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Peer Review, Research"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND ("Data Collection/methods"[MeSH] OR "Data Collection/standards"[MeSH]) | 5 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] | 1 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND ("Questionnaires/methods"[MeSH] OR "Questionnaires/standards"[MeSH]) | 0 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Evidence-Based Medicine"[MeSH] | 2 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Reproducibility of Results"[MeSH] | 3 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Peer Review, Research"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Peer Review, Research"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND ("Data Collection/methods"[MeSH] OR "Data Collection/standards"[MeSH]) | 16 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] | 6 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND ("Questionnaires/methods"[MeSH] OR "Questionnaires/standards"[MeSH]) | 1 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Evidence-Based Medicine"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Reproducibility of Results"[MeSH] | 12 |
| "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Peer Review, Research"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Peer Review, Research"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 1 |
| "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND ("Data Collection/methods"[MeSH] OR "Data Collection/standards"[MeSH]) | 18 |
| "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] | 7 |
| "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND ("Questionnaires/methods"[MeSH] OR "Questionnaires/standards"[MeSH]) | 1 |
| "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Evidence-Based Medicine"[MeSH] | 4 |
| "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Reproducibility of Results"[MeSH] | 10 |
| "Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Peer Review, Research"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Peer Review, Research"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 4 |
| "Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Evidence-Based Medicine"[MeSH] | 8 |
| "Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] | 33 |
| "Models, Statistical"[MeSH] AND "Risk Factors"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Models, Statistical"[MeSH] AND "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Models, Statistical"[MeSH] AND "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Chronic Disease/epidemiology"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 0 |
| "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Models, Statistical"[MeSH] AND "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] | 47 |
| "Prevalence"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Models, Statistical"[MeSH] AND "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] | 61 |
| "Incidence"[MeSH] AND "Epidemiologic Studies"[MeSH] AND "Models, Statistical"[MeSH] AND "Bias (Epidemiology)"[MeSH] | 66 |
| "Research Design/standards"[MeSH] AND ("Biomedical Research/methods"[MeSH] OR "Biomedical Research/organization and administration"[MeSH] OR "Biomedical Research/standards"[MeSH] OR "Biomedical Research/statistics and numerical data"[MeSH] OR "Biomedical Research/trends"[MeSH]) Limits: Humans, Journal Article, English | 62 |
T1AFN1Abbreviations: MeSH, Medical Subject Heading term; sb, subset; CN, corporate author.
[TableWrap ID: d32e8540]
| This flow chart shows 3 boxes. The top box reads |
| Total references — 1,053 |
|
| It is connected by a vertical line to 2 additional boxes. The left box reads |
| Included studies — 397 |
|
| The right box reads |
| Excluded studies — 656 |
|
[TableWrap ID: TA2]
Table 2
Quality of Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Nontherapeutic Observational Studies Published in Core Clinical Journals, 1990 through June 2008
| Publication Characteristics | Outcome | Estimate | Assessment of Quality of Included Studies |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Bracken, 1990 (32) Country: United States Journal: Obstet Gynecol Sponsorship: Not reported Conflict of interest (COI): Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Congenital malformations in offspring | Risk | No |
|
Romieu et al, 1990 (33) Country: United States Journal: Cancer Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Breast cancer | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Haughey et al, 1992 (34) Country: United States Journal: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Second malignant tumors in head and neck cancer | Risk | No |
|
Lemon et al, 1992 (35) Country: United States Journal: Cancer Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Nonfamilial breast cancer | Continuous variable | No |
|
McKenna, 1992 (36) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Am J Med Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization, nursing home COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Differences in vitamin D status | Prevalence | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Morris et al, 1992 (37) Country: United States Journal: Am J Public Health Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cancer | Risk | Yes |
|
Myers and Basinski, 1992 (38) Country: Canada Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization, award COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | No |
|
Becker et al, 1993 (39) Country: United States Journal: Ann Emerg Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Survival of cardiac arrest | Risk | No |
|
Brownson et al, 1993 (40) Country: United States Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Adult leukemia | Risk | Yes |
|
Ernst and Resch, 1993 (41) Country: Austria Journal: Ann Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cardiovascular risk factor | Risk | No |
|
Katerndahl, 1993 (42) Country: United States Journal: J Nerv Ment Dis Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Panic disorder and mitral valve prolapse | Risk | Yes |
|
Harris and Barraclough, 1994 (43) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Medicine Sponsorship: Industry COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Suicide | Risk | No |
|
Kawachi et al, 1994 (44) Country: United States Journal: Br Heart J Sponsorship: Industry, scholarship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | No |
|
Law et al, 1994 (45) Country: United Kingdom Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Hazards of reducing serum cholesterol | Risk | No |
|
Law et al, 1994 (46) Country: United Kingdom Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Ischemic heart disease | Risk | No |
|
Steffen et al, 1994 (47) Country: Switzerland Journal: JAMA Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Hepatitis A | Risk | No |
|
Zhang and Begg, 1994 (48) Country: United States Journal: Int J Epidemiol Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cervical neoplasia | Risk | No |
|
Everhart and Wright, 1995 (49) Country: United States Journal: JAMA Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Pancreatic cancer | Risk | No |
|
Feinberg et al, 1995 (50) Country: United States Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Atrial fibrillation | Prevalence | No |
|
Ritchie and Kildea, 1995 (51) Country: France Journal: Lancet Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Senile dementia | Prevalence | No |
|
Raman-Wilms et al, 1995 (52) Country: Canada Journal: Obstet Gynecol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Fetal genital effects | Risk | No |
|
Hatsukami and Fischman, 1996 (53) Country: United States Journal: JAMA Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Use of crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride | Prevalence | No |
|
Hill and Schoener, 1996 (54) Country: United States Journal: Am J Psychiatry Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Prevalence | No |
|
Hackshaw et al, 1997 (55) Country: United Kingdom Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health." |
Lung cancer | Risk | No |
|
Kluijtmans et al, 1997 (56) Country: Netherlands Journal: Circulation Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization, industry COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary artery disease | Risk | No |
|
Law and Hackshaw, 1997 (57) Country: United Kingdom Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: None COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: None |
Hip fracture | Risk | No |
|
Law et al, 1997 (58) Country: United Kingdom Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The Department of Health (England) supported this work, although the views are our own." |
Ischemic heart disease | Risk | No |
|
Danesh et al, 1998 (59) Country: United Kingdom Journal: JAMA Sponsorship: Scholarship, nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | Yes |
|
French and Brocklehurst, 1998 (60) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Br J Obstet Gynaecol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Survival in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus | Risk | Yes |
|
Forgie et al, 1998 (61) Country: Canada Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Industry, government, fellowships, nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Allogeneic blood transfusion | Risk | No |
|
Huang et al, 1998 (62) Country: Canada Journal: Gastroenterology Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Gastric cancer | Risk | Yes |
|
Johnston et al, 1998 (63) Country: United States Journal: Neurology Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage | Risk | No |
|
Lazarou et al, 1998 (64) Country: Canada Journal: JAMA Sponsorship: Scholarship, nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients | Prevalence | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Ray, 1998 (65) Country: Canada Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Venous thromboembolic disease | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Spencer-Green, 1998 (66) Country: United States Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Secondary diseases from primary Reynaud phenomenon | Risk | Yes |
|
Stratton et al, 1998 (67) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Br J Obstet Gynaecol Sponsorship: Research fellowship, nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Ovarian cancer | Risk | No |
|
Zock and Katan, 1998 (68) Country: Netherlands Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Zondervan et al, 1998 (69) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Br J Obstet Gynaecol Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Chronic pelvic pain in women | Prevalence | No |
|
Angelillo and Villari, 1999 (70) Country: Italy Journal: Bull World Health Organ Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Childhood leukemia | Risk | Yes |
|
He et al, 1999 (71) Country: United States Journal: N Engl J Med Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | No |
|
Shaffer et al, 1999 (72) Country: United States Journal: Am J Public Health Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Disordered gambling behavior | Prevalence | No |
|
Wittrup et al, 1999 (73) Country: Denmark Journal: Circulation Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Ischemic heart disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Yoder et al, 1999 (74) Country: United States Journal: Obstet Gynecol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Fetus with isolated choroid plexus cysts | Risk | No |
|
Christen et al, 2000 (75) Country: United States Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cardiovascular disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Cleophas et al, 2000 (76) Country: Netherlands Journal: Am J Cardiol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary artery disease | Risk | Yes |
|
DiMatteo et al, 2000 (77) Country: United States Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Industry, scholarship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Noncompliance with medical treatment | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 2000 (78) Country: Brazil Journal: Lancet Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Infant and child mortality | Risk | No |
|
Wilson et al, 2000 (79) Country: Canada Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Mortality after myocardial infarction | Risk | Yes |
|
Zeegers et al, 2000 (80) Country: Netherlands Journal: Cancer Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Urinary tract cancer | Risk | Yes |
|
Danesh et al, 2001 (81) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Circulation Sponsorship: Government, scholarship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | No |
|
Eaden et al, 2001 (82) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Gut Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Colorectal cancer | Risk | Yes |
|
Faraone et al, 2001 (83) Country: United States Journal: Am J Psychiatry Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Risk | Yes |
|
Horta et al, 2001 (84) Country: Brazil Journal: Am J Public Health Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Early weaning | Risk | Yes |
|
Rebora, 2001 (85) Country: Italy Journal: Arch Dermatol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary artery disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Cannon et al, 2002 (86) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Am J Psychiatry Sponsorship: Research fellowship, nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Schizophrenia | Risk | No |
|
Hellermann et al, 2002 (87) Country: United States Journal: Am J Med Sponsorship: Government, nonprofit organization, fellowship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Heart failure | Risk | No |
|
Huang et al, 2002 (88) Country: Canada Journal: Lancet Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Peptic-ulcer disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Huncharek et al, 2002 (89) Country: United States Journal: Am J Public Health Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization, industry COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Malignant melanoma | Risk | Yes |
|
Juul et al, 2002 (90) Country: Denmark Journal: Blood Sponsorship: Government, nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: "They had no role in gathering, analyzing, or interpreting the data and had no right to approve or disapprove the submitted paper." |
Factor V Leiden | Risk | Yes |
|
Kelly et al, 2002 (91) Country: United States Journal: Neurology Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization, industry, fellowship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Risk of ischemic stroke | Risk | No |
|
Klerk et al, 2002 (92) Country: Netherlands Journal: JAMA Sponsorship: Government, "public/private partnership" COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Kozer et al, 2002 (93) Country: Canada Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Sponsorship: Industry COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Congenital anomalies | Risk | No |
|
Law et al, 2002 (94) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Death after myocardial infarction | Risk | No |
|
Wald et al, 2002 (95) Country: United Kingdom Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: None COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: None |
Cardiovascular disease | Risk | No |
|
Wald and Link, 2002 (96) Country: United States Journal: J Infect Dis Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Human immunodeficiency virus infection | Risk | No |
|
Benjamin et al, 2003 (97) Country: United States Journal: Pediatrics Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
End-organ damage | Prevalence | No |
|
Clarfield, 2003 (98) Country: Israel Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Reversible dementias | Prevalence | No |
|
Cole and Dendukuri, 2003 (99) Country: Canada Journal: Am J Psychiatry Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Depression among elderly community subjects | Risk | Yes |
|
Gisbert et al, 2003 (100) Country: Spain Journal: Gastroenterology Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Hepatitis C virus infection | Risk | Yes |
|
Glatt et al, 2003 (101) Country: United States Journal: Am J Psychiatry Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Schizophrenia | Risk | No |
|
Halbert et al, 2003 (102) Country: United States Journal: Chest Sponsorship: Industry COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Prevalence estimates for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Prevalence | No |
|
Huang et al, 2003 (103) Country: Canada Journal: Gastroenterology Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Gastric cancer | Risk | Yes |
|
Rey et al, 2003 (104) Country: Canada Journal: Lancet Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Fetal loss | Risk | Yes |
|
Riboli and Norat, 2003 (105) Country: France Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cancer risk | Risk | No |
|
Scholten-Peeters et al, 2003 (106) Country: Netherlands Journal: Pain Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Whiplash-associated disorders | Risk | Yes |
|
Thurnham et al, 2003 (107) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Lancet Sponsorship: Government, fellowship COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The funding source had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or in the writing of this report." |
Vitamin A deficiency | Continuous variable | No |
|
Zeegers et al, 2003 (108) Country: Netherlands Journal: Cancer Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Prostate carcinoma | Risk | No |
|
Burzotta et al, 2004 (109) Country: Italy Journal: Heart Sponsorship: Fellowship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary ischemic syndromes | Risk | No |
|
Casas et al, 2004 (110) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Circulation Sponsorship: Government, 1 author holds a chair of nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Ischemic heart disease | Risk | No |
|
Casas et al, 2004 (111) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Arch Neurol Sponsorship: Fellowship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Ischemic stroke | Risk | No |
|
He et al, 2004 (112) Country: United States Journal: Circulation Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease mortality | Risk | No |
|
Huang et al, 2004 (113) Country: United States Journal: Neurology Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Sporadic Parkinson disease | Risk | No |
|
Klement et al, 2004 (114) Country: Israel Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Medical center COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Inflammatory bowel disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Kovalevsky et al, 2004 (115) Country: United States Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | Risk | No |
|
Levitan et al, 2004 (116) Country: United States Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cardiovascular disease | Risk | No |
|
Lovett et al, 2004 (117) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Neurology Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Subtype of ischemic stroke | Risk | Yes |
|
Mitsikostas et al, 2004 (118) Country: Greece Journal: Brain Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Headache | Risk | No |
|
Montanez et al, 2004 (119) Country: United States Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Total and cardiovascular mortality and sudden death | Risk | No |
|
Woodbury and Houghton, 2004 (120) Country: Canada Journal: Ostomy Wound Manage Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Pressure ulcers | Prevalence | Yes |
|
Bolland et al, 2005 (121) Country: New Zealand Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Sponsorship: Scholarship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Increased body weight | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Contopoulos-Ioannidis et al, 2005 (122) Country: Greece Journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Asthma phenotypes | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Dauchet et al, 2005 (123) Country: France Journal: Neurology Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization, educational institute COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Stroke | Risk | No |
|
Etminan et al, 2005 (124) Country: Canada Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: Government, fellowship COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Ischemic stroke | Risk | Yes |
|
Fazel et al, 2005 (125) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Lancet Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The sponsors of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication." |
Serious mental disorder | Prevalence | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
García-Closas et al, 2005 (126) Country: United States Journal: Lancet Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The study sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or in the writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit the paper for publication." |
Bladder cancer | Risk | No |
|
Lee et al, 2005 (127) Country: United States Journal: Arthritis Rheum Sponsorship: Government, industry COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Unrestricted |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | Risk | No |
|
Lin and August, 2005 (128) Country: United States Journal: Obstet Gynecol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Preeclampsia | Risk | No |
|
McDonald et al, 2005 (129) Country: Canada Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Perinatal outcomes | Risk | Yes |
|
Palmer, 2005 (130) Country: United States Journal: Arch Gen Psychiatry Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia | Prevalence | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Sin et al, 2005 (131) Country: Canada Journal: Chest Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization, educational institute COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cardiovascular mortality | Risk | Yes |
|
Boudville et al, 2006 (132) Country: Canada Journal: Ann Intern Med Sponsorship: Government, fellowship COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The study sponsors had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication." |
Hypertension | Risk | No |
|
Clark et al, 2006 (133) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Pediatrics Sponsorship: Fellowship COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Fractures | Risk | Yes |
|
de Boer et al, 2006 (134) Country: Netherlands Journal: Cancer Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Unemployment | Risk | Yes |
|
Di Castelnuovo et al, 2006 (135) Country: Italy Journal: Arch Intern Med Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The sponsor of the study had no involvement in study design; data collection, analysis, or interpretation; writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication." |
Total mortality in men and women | Risk | Yes |
|
Flores-Mateo et al, 2006 (136) Country: United States Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Galassi et al, 2006 (137) Country: United States Journal: Am J Med Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cardiovascular disease | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Huxley et al, 2006 (138) Country: Australia Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: Government, fellowship, industry COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Unconditional |
Fatal coronary heart disease | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Kahlenborn et al, 2006 (139) Country: United States Journal: Mayo Clin Proc Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Premenopausal breast cancer | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Larsson et al, 2006 (140) Country: Sweden Journal: Gastroenterology Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Mahid et al, 2006 (141) Country: United States Journal: Mayo Clin Proc Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Inflammatory bowel disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Owen et al, 2006 (142) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Type 2 diabetes | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Ownby et al, 2006 (143) Country: United States Journal: Arch Gen Psychiatry Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Alzheimer disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Pavia et al, 2006 (144) Country: Italy Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Oral cancer | Risk | Yes |
|
Riddle et al, 2006 (145) Country: United States Journal: Am J Trop Med Hyg Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Diarrhea | Prevalence | Yes |
|
Rutledge et al, 2006 (146) Country: United States Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Depression | Prevalence/ risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Smith et al, 2006 (147) Country: United States Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Renal impairment | Risk | Yes |
|
Weis et al, 2006 (148) Country: United States Journal: Arch Ophthalmol Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Uveal melanoma | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Williams et al, 2006 (149) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Arch Dis Child Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Autism spectrum disorders | Prevalence/ risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Bahekar et al, 2007 (150) Country: United States Journal: Am Heart J Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Baurecht et al, 2007 (151) Country: Germany Journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Sponsorship: Government, university COI: Reported as a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Atopic eczema | Risk | No |
|
Bellamy et al, 2007 (152) Country: United Kingdom Journal: BMJ Sponsorship: Government, fellowship COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cardiovascular disease | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Conde-Agudelo et al, 2007 (153) Country: Colombia Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The content of the paper has not been influenced by the sponsor." |
Maternal health | Risk | Yes |
|
Dehghan et al, 2007 (154) Country: Netherlands Journal: Diabetes Sponsorship: University, government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Diabetes | Risk | No |
|
Eichler et al, 2007 (155) Country: Switzerland Journal: Am Heart J Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The funding source had no influence on study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication." |
First coronary events | Risk | Yes |
|
Gami et al, 2007 (156) Country: United States Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Cardiovascular events and death | Risk | Yes |
|
Grulich et al, 2007 (157) Country: Australia Journal: Lancet Sponsorship: Government, fellowship, scholarship COI: Reported as a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "There was no funding source for this study. All authors had access to all the data. The corresponding author had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication." |
Cancers | Risk | Yes |
|
Havemann et al, 2007 (158) Country: United States Journal: Gut Sponsorship: Industry COI: Reported as a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Asthma | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Hirtz et al, 2007 (159) Country: United States Journal: Neurology Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Common neurologic disorders | Prevalence | Yes |
|
Huxley et al, 2007 (160) Country: Australia Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Government, nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "None of the funding sources had any role in the study design, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the paper, or the decision to submit the paper for publication." |
Ischemic heart disease | Risk | Yes |
|
Krishna and Kim, 2007 (161) Country: United States Journal: J Neurosurg Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Langan et al, 2007 (162) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Arch Dermatol Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The sponsor had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript." |
Eczema | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Larsson and Wolk, 2007 (163) Country: Sweden Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Colon and rectal cancer risk | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Larsson and Wolk, 2007 (164) Country: Sweden Journal: Gastroenterology Sponsorship: Nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The sponsor had no role in the study design or in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data." |
Liver cancer | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Liu et al, 2007 (165) Country: China Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Recurrence of atrial fibrillation after successful electrical cardioversion | Risk | Yes |
|
Loza and Chang, 2007 (166) Country: United States Journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Sponsorship: Government, nonprofit organization COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Atopic asthma risk | Risk | Yes |
|
Pittas et al, 2007 (167) Country: United States Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Type 2 diabetes | Risk | No |
|
Polanczyk et al, 2007 (168) Country: Brazil Journal: Am J Psychiatry Sponsorship: Industry, foreign grants COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: "There was no involvement of any funding source in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, and writing of this article or in the decision to submit the article for publication." |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Prevalence | No |
|
Rona et al, 2007 (169) Country: United Kingdom Journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Food allergy | Prevalence | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Sarwar et al, 2007 (170) Country: United Kingdom Journal: Circulation Sponsorship: Government, scholarship, industry COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Unrestricted |
Coronary heart disease | Risk | No |
|
Snoep et al, 2007 (171) Country: Netherlands Journal: Am Heart J Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Clopidogrel nonresponsiveness | Prevalence | Yes |
|
Zintzaras and Kaditis, 2007 (172) Country: Greece Journal: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Blood pressure | Risk | Yes |
|
Ageno et al, 2008 (173) Country: Italy Journal: Circulation Sponsorship: Not reported COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Venous thromboembolism | Risk | Yes |
|
Barclay et al, 2008 (174) Country: Australia Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Chronic disease risk | Risk | Quality criteria abstracted |
|
Conde-Agudelo et al, 2008 (175) Country: United States Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Sponsorship: Government COI: Not reported Sponsor participation in data analyses: "The views expressed in this document are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Health Organization." |
Risk of preeclampsia | Risk | Yes |
|
Schunkert et al, 2008 (176) Country: Germany Journal: Circulation Sponsorship: Government COI: Reported as not a conflict of interest Sponsor participation in data analyses: Not reported |
Coronary artery disease | Risk | No |
Article Categories:
|
|
Previous Document: Making room for mental health in the medical home.
Next Document: [A multicenter randomized phase II trial of domestic product of rhG-CSF(Rui Xue Xin) in preventing l...