| Propagation of human enteropathogens in constructed horizontal wetlands used for tertiary wastewater treatment. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 19411413 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Constructed subsurface flow (SSF) and free-surface flow (FSF) wetlands are being increasingly implemented worldwide into wastewater treatments in response to the growing need for microbiologically safe reclaimed waters, which is driven by an exponential increase in the human population and limited water resources. Wastewater samples from four SSF and FSF wetlands in northwestern Ireland were tested qualitatively and quantitatively for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and human-pathogenic microsporidia, with assessment of their viability. Overall, seven species of human enteropathogens were detected in wetland influents, vegetated areas, and effluents: Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis, C. meleagridis, C. muris, G. duodenalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. SSF wetland had the highest pathogen removal rate (i.e., Cryptosporidium, 97.4%; G. duodenalis, 95.4%); however, most of these values for FSF were in the negative area (mean, -84.0%), meaning that more pathogens were discharged by FSF wetlands than were delivered to wetlands with incoming wastewater. We demonstrate here that (i) the composition of human enteropathogens in wastewater entering and leaving SSF and FSF wetlands is highly complex and dynamic, (ii) the removal and inactivation of human-pathogenic microorganisms were significantly higher at the SSF wetland, (iii) FSF wetlands may not always provide sufficient remediation for human enteropathogens, (iv) wildlife can contribute a substantial load of human zoonotic pathogens to wetlands, (v) most of the pathogens discharged by wetlands were viable, (vi) large volumes of wetland effluents can contribute to contamination of surface waters used for recreation and drinking water abstraction and therefore represent a serious public health threat, and (vii) even with the best pathogen removal rates achieved by SSF wetland, the reduction of pathogens was not enough for a safety reuse of the reclaimed water. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. meleagridis from Ireland. |
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Authors:
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Thaddeus K Graczyk; Frances E Lucy; Leena Tamang; Yessika Mashinski; Michael A Broaders; Michelle Connolly; Hui-Wen A Cheng |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Date: 2009-05-01 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Applied and environmental microbiology Volume: 75 ISSN: 1098-5336 ISO Abbreviation: Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Publication Date: 2009 Jul |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2009-06-26 Completed Date: 2009-08-11 Revised Date: 2010-09-27 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 7605801 Medline TA: Appl Environ Microbiol Country: United States |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 4531-8 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. tgraczyk@jhsph.edu |
Export Citation:
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| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Animals Cell Survival Cryptosporidium parvum / growth & development, isolation & purification* Fresh Water / parasitology* Giardia / growth & development, isolation & purification* Humans Ireland Microsporidia / growth & development, isolation & purification* Water Purification / methods* Wetlands* |
| Grant Support | |
ID/Acronym/Agency:
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P30 ES03819/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS |
| Comments/Corrections | |
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