| Pheromone production in bark beetles. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 20727970 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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The first aggregation pheromone components from bark beetles were identified in 1966 as a mixture of ipsdienol, ipsenol and verbenol. Since then, a number of additional components have been identified as both aggregation and anti-aggregation pheromones, with many of them being monoterpenoids or derived from monoterpenoids. The structural similarity between the major pheromone components of bark beetles and the monoterpenes found in the host trees, along with the association of monoterpenoid production with plant tissue, led to the paradigm that most if not all bark beetle pheromone components were derived from host tree precursors, often with a simple hydroxylation producing the pheromone. In the 1990 s there was a paradigm shift as evidence for de novo biosynthesis of pheromone components began to accumulate, and it is now recognized that most bark beetle monoterpenoid aggregation pheromone components are biosynthesized de novo. The bark beetle aggregation pheromones are released from the frass, which is consistent with the isoprenoid aggregation pheromones, including ipsdienol, ipsenol and frontalin, being produced in midgut tissue. It appears that exo-brevocomin is produced de novo in fat body tissue, and that verbenol, verbenone and verbenene are produced from dietary α-pinene in fat body tissue. Combined biochemical, molecular and functional genomics studies in Ips pini yielded the discovery and characterization of the enzymes that convert mevalonate pathway intermediates to pheromone components, including a novel bifunctional geranyl diphosphate synthase/myrcene synthase, a cytochrome P450 that hydroxylates myrcene to ipsdienol, and an oxidoreductase that interconverts ipsdienol and ipsdienone to achieve the appropriate stereochemistry of ipsdienol for pheromonal activity. Furthermore, the regulation of these genes and their corresponding enzymes proved complex and diverse in different species. Mevalonate pathway genes in pheromone producing male I. pini have much higher basal levels than in females, and feeding induces their expression. In I. duplicatus and I. pini, juvenile hormone III (JH III) induces pheromone production in the absence of feeding, whereas in I. paraconfusus and I. confusus, topically applied JH III does not induce pheromone production. In all four species, feeding induces pheromone production. While many of the details of pheromone production, including the site of synthesis, pathways and knowledge of the enzymes involved are known for Ips, less is known about pheromone production in Dendroctonus. Functional genomics studies are under way in D. ponderosae, which should rapidly increase our understanding of pheromone production in this genus. This chapter presents a historical development of what is known about pheromone production in bark beetles, emphasizes the genomic and post-genomic work in I. pini and points out areas where research is needed to obtain a more complete understanding of pheromone production. |
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Authors:
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Gary J Blomquist; Rubi Figueroa-Teran; Mory Aw; Minmin Song; Andrew Gorzalski; Nicole L Abbott; Eric Chang; Claus Tittiger |
Publication Detail:
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Type: Historical Article; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Review Date: 2010-08-19 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Insect biochemistry and molecular biology Volume: 40 ISSN: 1879-0240 ISO Abbreviation: Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. Publication Date: 2010 Oct |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2010-09-27 Completed Date: 2011-01-05 Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 9207282 Medline TA: Insect Biochem Mol Biol Country: England |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 699-712 Citation Subset: IM |
Copyright Information:
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Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Affiliation:
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Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA. garyb@cabnr.unr.edu |
Export Citation:
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APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Animals Beetles / genetics, metabolism* Female History, 20th Century History, 21st Century Insect Proteins / genetics, metabolism Male Pheromones / biosynthesis*, history |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Insect Proteins; 0/Pheromones |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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