The article "Efficacy of and tolerance to mild induced hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using an endovascular cooling system" by Pichon et al. in the previous issue of Critical Care [¹] points to a very relevant health care issue. Only 10% of patients undergoing out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation are discharged alive from the hospital. This high mortality is to a major part due to ischaemic brain damage. In 2002, a European multicentre trial on the use of mild therapeutic hypothermia ? as well as other clinical trials ? clearly demonstrated a decrease in mortality and a better neurological outcome in cardiac arrest patients [²,³]. Only six patients have to be treated to save one life (number needed to treat = six) [⁴]. This is far better than with most other ? expensive ? approaches in the intensive care unit (ICU) [⁵]. Consequently, therapeutic hypothermia has been recommended in an Advisory Statement by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) already in 2003 [⁶]. In 2005, the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines stated [⁷]:

1. Unconscious adult patients with spontaneous circulation after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest should be cooled to 32 to 34?C. Cooling should be started as soon as possible and continued for at least 12 to 24 hours.

2. Induced hypothermia might also benefit unconscious adult patients with spontaneous circulation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from a non-shockable rhythm, or cardiac arrest in hospital.

3. A child who regains a spontaneous circulation but remains comatose after cardiopulmonary arrest may benefit from being cooled to a core temperature of 32 to 34?C for 12 to 24 hours.

Therapeutic hypothermia influences postresuscitation brain ? and other organ ? injury in many different ways: it reduces metabolism, free radical formation, intracellular calcium overload, as well as translation and transcription of pathogenic proteins. Additionally, it has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulatory properties and can reduce oedema formation [⁸].

There are few areas in emergency and intensive care medicine where scientific evidence is so strong and where international guidelines are so clear. Nevertheless, implementation of hypothermia is lousy. In most countries on both sides of the Atlantic, under 30% of cardiac arrest patients are receiving hypothermia [⁹]. The reasons are multifactorial. Colleagues are stating that they do not have enough information and experience, that this therapy is not evidence-based and that it is technically too difficult. Mild therapeutic hypothermia is definitely underused post cardiac arrest, and many patients who need not die are dying because of this clinical reality.

Here, it is very important that independent groups do support implementation of hypothermia. Pichon and colleagues report on the efficacy and tolerance of a commercially available intravascular cooling device used in 40 post cardiac arrest patients [¹]. Cooling with this device was safe, relatively fast and effective in maintaining the targeted temperature. Regardless of the initial cardiac rhythm ? about which the brain does not care ? all patient groups benefited from cooling with this device. There are no clinical trials available yet which compare outcome after different cooling techniques. Clear recommendations for a specific method are thus not possible. Maintenance of hypothermia is practicable with both surface and endovascular cooling. In the past, feedback mechanisms have been more sophisticated with endovascular cooling devices. Very recent data on different techniques of body surface cooling suggest that these techniques are also able to maintain body temperature in a clinically sufficient way [¹⁰].

Animal experimental data suggest that hypothermia is more effective the faster it is established after the arrest [¹¹]. Even the five hours needed in the present study may be long. Therefore, the use of other and faster methods to induce hypothermia must be considered. Infusion of ice-cold Ringer's solution (30 ml/kg within 30 minutes) has been shown to be an easy, cheap, effective and safe way of inducing hypothermia in less than one hour [¹²]. This is even possible in the out-of-hospital setting [¹³]. For subsequent maintenance of hypothermia, intravascular and body surface cooling techniques may both be effective and safe.

Well known side effects of therapeutic hypothermia, like hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and bacteraemia may occur, and it is important to know this. Major complications including arrhythmias, bleeding, pneumonia, sepsis et cetera, however, do not occur more often in hypothermic as compared to normothermic cardiac arrest patients [²,³]. The most important 'side effect' of hypothermia is that it is not used routinely in most cardiac arrest patients. There is no good argument to wait any longer. According to Hippocrates, we have to treat the next unconscious cardiac arrest patient with mild therapeutic hypothermia, regardless of which technique we are using.

ERC = European Resuscitation Council; ICU = intensive care unit; ILCOR = International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.