| Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 19662925 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Cannabis (marijuana) has been used for medicinal purposes for millennia, said to be first noted by the Chinese in c. 2737 BCE. Medicinal cannabis arrived in the United States much later, burdened with a remarkably checkered, yet colorful, history. Despite early robust use, after the advent of opioids and aspirin, medicinal cannabis use faded. Cannabis was criminalized in the United States in 1937, against the advice of the American Medical Association submitted on record to Congress. The past few decades have seen renewed interest in medicinal cannabis, with the National Institutes of Health, the Institute of Medicine, and the American College of Physicians, all issuing statements of support for further research and development. The recently discovered endocannabinoid system has greatly increased our understanding of the actions of exogenous cannabis. Endocannabinoids appear to control pain, muscle tone, mood state, appetite, and inflammation, among other effects. Cannabis contains more than 100 different cannabinoids and has the capacity for analgesia through neuromodulation in ascending and descending pain pathways, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This article reviews the current and emerging research on the physiological mechanisms of cannabinoids and their applications in managing chronic pain, muscle spasticity, cachexia, and other debilitating problems. |
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Authors:
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Sunil K Aggarwal; Gregory T Carter; Mark D Sullivan; Craig ZumBrunnen; Richard Morrill; Jonathan D Mayer |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Historical Article; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Review |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Journal of opioid management Volume: 5 ISSN: 1551-7489 ISO Abbreviation: J Opioid Manag Publication Date: 2009 May-Jun |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2009-08-10 Completed Date: 2009-08-26 Revised Date: 2011-11-10 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 101234523 Medline TA: J Opioid Manag Country: United States |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 153-68 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. |
Export Citation:
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APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Cachexia
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drug therapy Cannabinoids / adverse effects, history, therapeutic use* Cannabis / chemistry* Crime / history Endocannabinoids / metabolism History, 19th Century History, 20th Century History, 21st Century History, Ancient Humans Muscle Spasticity / drug therapy Pain / drug therapy Phytotherapy* / history United States |
| Grant Support | |
ID/Acronym/Agency:
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R24 HD042828-10/HD/NICHD NIH HHS |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Cannabinoids; 0/Endocannabinoids |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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