| Iodine status of UK schoolgirls: a cross-sectional survey. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 21640375 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide. It is defined by WHO as mild if the population median urinary iodine excretion is 50-99 μg/L, moderate if 20-49 μg/L, and severe if less than 20 μg/L. No contemporary data are available for the UK, which has no programme of food or salt iodination. We aimed to assess the current iodine status of the UK population. METHODS: In this cross-sectional survey, we systematically assessed iodine status in schoolgirls aged 14-15 years attending secondary school in nine UK centres. Urinary iodine concentrations and tap water iodine concentrations were measured in June-July, 2009, and November-December, 2009. Ethnic origin, postcode, and a validated diet questionnaire assessing sources of iodine were recorded. FINDINGS: 810 participants provided 737 urine samples. Data for dietary habits and iodine status were available for 664 participants. Median urinary iodine excretion was 80·1 μg/L (IQR 56·9-109·0). Urinary iodine measurements indicative of mild iodine deficiency were present in 51% (n=379) of participants, moderate deficiency in 16% (n=120), and severe deficiency in 1% (n=8). Prevalence of iodine deficiency was highest in Belfast (85%, n=135). Tap water iodine concentrations were low or undetectable and were not positively associated with urinary iodine concentrations. Multivariable general linear model analysis confirmed independent associations between low urinary iodine excretion and sampling in summer (p<0·0001), UK geographical location (p<0·0001), low intake of milk (p=0·03), and high intake of eggs (p=0·02). INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that the UK is iodine deficient. Since developing fetuses are the most susceptible to adverse effects of iodine deficiency and even mild perturbations of maternal and fetal thyroid function have an effect on neurodevelopment, these findings are of potential major public health importance. This study has drawn attention to an urgent need for a comprehensive investigation of UK iodine status and implementation of evidence-based recommendations for iodine supplementation. FUNDING: Clinical Endocrinology Trust. |
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Authors:
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Mark P J Vanderpump; John H Lazarus; Peter P Smyth; Peter Laurberg; Roger L Holder; Kristien Boelaert; Jayne A Franklyn; |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Multicenter Study Date: 2011-06-02 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Lancet Volume: 377 ISSN: 1474-547X ISO Abbreviation: Lancet Publication Date: 2011 Jun |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2011-06-13 Completed Date: 2011-06-21 Revised Date: 2012-04-18 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 2985213R Medline TA: Lancet Country: England |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 2007-12 Citation Subset: AIM; IM |
Copyright Information:
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Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Affiliation:
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Department of Endocrinology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, London, UK. mark.vanderpump@nhs.net |
Export Citation:
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APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Adolescent Data Collection Diet Female Great Britain / epidemiology Humans Iodine / administration & dosage, deficiency*, urine Nutritional Status Sodium Chloride, Dietary |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Sodium Chloride, Dietary; 0/iodized salt; 7553-56-2/Iodine |
| Investigator | |
Investigator/Affiliation:
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P Abraham / ; D Bannon / ; R Burns / ; H Carr / ; E Combet / ; M Eggo / ; T S Han / ; M Lean / ; K Mullan / ; G Leese / ; C J Owen / ; S Pearce / ; S Razvi / ; B Torlinska / ; B Vaidya / ; G R Williams / |
| Comments/Corrections | |
Comment In:
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Evid Based Nurs. 2012 Apr;15(2):47-8
[PMID:
22193707
]
Lancet. 2011 Nov 5;378(9803):1623; author reply 1624 [PMID: 22055033 ] Lancet. 2011 Nov 5;378(9803):1623-4; author reply 1624 [PMID: 22055034 ] Lancet. 2011 Nov 5;378(9803):1623; author reply 1624 [PMID: 22055035 ] Lancet. 2011 Jun 11;377(9782):1979-80 [PMID: 21640376 ] |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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