| Interventional cardiology for the criticalist. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 21463439 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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OBJECTIVE: To review indications, procedures, and prognosis for common cardiovascular emergencies requiring intervention in small animals. ETIOLOGY: Pericardial effusion, symptomatic bradycardia, and heartworm-induced caval syndrome are examples of clinical scenarios commonly requiring intervention. Pericardial effusion in small animals occurs most frequently from cardiac neoplasia, idiopathic pericarditis, or congestive heart failure. Indications for temporary pacing include transient bradyarrhythmias, ingestions resulting in chronotropic incompetence, and emergency stabilization of critical bradyarrhythmias. Caval syndrome results from a large dirofilarial worm burden, pulmonary hypertension, and mechanical obstruction of right-sided cardiac output with resultant hemolysis and organ dysfunction. DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis of pericardial effusion is suspected from signalment and physical findings and confirmed with cardiac ultrasound. Symptomatic bradycardias often present for syncope and definitive diagnosis derives from an ECG. Caval syndrome is diagnosed upon clinical, hematologic, and ultrasonographic evidence of severe heartworm infestation, cardiovascular compromise, and/or mechanical hemolysis. THERAPY: Pericardial effusion is alleviated by pericardiocentesis in the emergency setting, though may require further intervention for long-term palliation. Temporary transvenous pacing can be performed emergently to stabilize the symptomatic patient with a bradyarrhythmia. Dirofilariasis leading to caval syndrome requires urgent heartworm extraction. PROGNOSIS: The prognosis for pericardial effusion is dependent upon the underlying etiology; the prognosis for cardiac pacing is favorable, and the prognosis for caval syndrome is grave if untreated and guarded to fair if heartworm extraction is performed. |
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Authors:
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Brian A Scansen |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Review |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001) Volume: 21 ISSN: 1476-4431 ISO Abbreviation: J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) Publication Date: 2011 Apr |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2011-04-05 Completed Date: 2011-06-03 Revised Date: 2011-08-25 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 101152804 Medline TA: J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) Country: United States |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 123-36 Citation Subset: IM |
Copyright Information:
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© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2011. |
Affiliation:
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Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. brian.scansen@cvm.osu.edu |
Export Citation:
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APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Animals Cardiovascular Diseases / diagnosis, therapy, veterinary* Cat Diseases / diagnosis*, therapy* Cats Dirofilariasis / diagnosis, therapy Dog Diseases / diagnosis*, therapy* Dogs Emergency Medical Services* Pericardial Effusion / diagnosis, therapy, veterinary Prognosis Treatment Outcome Veterinary Medicine / instrumentation, methods |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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