| Impairment related to blood drug concentrations of zopiclone and zolpidem compared to alcohol in apprehended drivers. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 19393793 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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BACKGROUND: About 3-7% of the adult population receives prescribed hypnotics. The benzodiazepine-like hypnotics, zopiclone and zolpidem, are the most commonly prescribed and may cause traffic-relevant impairment similar to that found for benzodiazepines. We investigated the relationship between blood zopiclone and zolpidem concentrations and driving impairment, as assessed by the clinical test for impairment. We compared these groups of drivers to a group suspected of alcohol-related impairment. METHODS: Blood samples from suspected impaired drivers during 2000-2007, screened for approximately 25 possible impairing drugs with only one single drug detected, were studied in relation to the assessment of impairment. The 79 zopiclone positive drivers, the 43 zolpidem positive drivers, and the 3480 alcohol positive drivers were divided into groups depending on blood drug concentrations. RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The proportion of drivers judged as impaired tended to increase the higher the blood zopiclone concentrations. Such a positive relationship was not found for zolpidem. For alcohol the proportion of impaired drivers was significantly related to blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). There were few drivers with low zopiclone or zolpidem concentrations included, which may have obscured any positive significant relationship. The percentage of impaired drivers among drivers with blood zopiclone concentrations above 130 microg/l roughly corresponded to the percentage of impaired drivers among drivers with BACs higher than 0.1%. |
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Authors:
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Ingebjørg Gustavsen; Muhammad Al-Sammurraie; Jørg Mørland; Jørgen G Bramness |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Date: 2009-02-15 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Accident; analysis and prevention Volume: 41 ISSN: 1879-2057 ISO Abbreviation: Accid Anal Prev Publication Date: 2009 May |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2009-04-27 Completed Date: 2009-06-15 Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 1254476 Medline TA: Accid Anal Prev Country: England |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 462-6 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway. ingebjorg.g.gustavsen@fhi.no |
Export Citation:
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| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Alcoholic Intoxication / diagnosis, epidemiology* Automobile Driving / statistics & numerical data* Azabicyclo Compounds / adverse effects, blood* Female Humans Hypnotics and Sedatives / adverse effects, blood* Incidence Male Middle Aged Norway / epidemiology Odds Ratio Piperazines / adverse effects, blood* Pyridines / adverse effects, blood* Risk Factors Sex Factors Substance Abuse Detection Substance-Related Disorders / diagnosis, epidemiology* Young Adult |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Azabicyclo Compounds; 0/Hypnotics and Sedatives; 0/Piperazines; 0/Pyridines; 43200-80-2/zopiclone; 82626-48-0/zolpidem |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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