| Immunological programming by breast milk creates an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu in breast-fed infants compared to formula-fed infants. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 23110822 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Breast milk provides important maturational stimuli to an infant's developing immune system. However, data concerning the role of breast-feeding in reducing the risk of allergic disease remain contradictory. Previous studies have centred on comparative analyses of breast milk and formula compositions. We chose a slightly different angle, whereby we focused on the effects of the chosen diet on the infant himself, comparing the immune development of formula-fed and breast-fed children. The objective of the present study was to determine how the mode of feeding affects infant immunology. Altogether, eighteen formula-fed infants with limited breast-feeding for < 3 months and twenty-nine infants who were exclusively breast-fed for >3 months were included in the study. Concentrations of interferon γ, TNF-α IL-10, IL-5, IL-4 and IL-2 were measured simultaneously from the same serum sample through use of a multiplexed flow cytometric assay at the ages of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) was measured using ELISA at the same time points. Serum TNF-α and IL-2 concentrations were significantly higher in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants during the first year of life (ANOVA, P = 0·002). The serum concentrations of TGF-β were significantly lower in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants throughout the first year of life (ANOVA, P ≤ 0·0001). Exclusive breast-feeding promotes an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu, which is maintained throughout infancy. Such an immunological environment limits hyper-responsiveness and promotes tolerisation, possibly prohibiting the onset of allergic disease. |
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Authors:
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Essi Kainonen; Samuli Rautava; Erika Isolauri |
Publication Detail:
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Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2012-10-30 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: The British journal of nutrition Volume: - ISSN: 1475-2662 ISO Abbreviation: Br. J. Nutr. Publication Date: 2012 Oct |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2012-10-31 Completed Date: - Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 0372547 Medline TA: Br J Nutr Country: - |
Other Details:
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Languages: ENG Pagination: 1-9 Citation Subset: - |
Affiliation:
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Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku 20520, Finland. |
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From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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