| Essential fatty acid supplementation of DHA and ARA and effects on neurodevelopment across animal species: a review of the literature. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 21678548 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are long chain essential fatty acids used as supplements in commercial infant formula. DHA/ARA deficient states are associated with adverse neurological outcomes in animals and humans. Preterm infants are at risk for DHA/ARA deficiency. A few clinical reports on the effects of fatty acid supplementation have shown benefit in preterm, low birth weight, and normal infants in the first year of life, whereas others did not. Studies in animals have reported shortened gestation, fetal growth retardation, reduced infant body mass, and increased fetal mortality with consumption of fatty acids during pregnancy. To understand the data that support fatty acid supplementation in infant formula, a review of the animal model literature was undertaken, to examine the effects of DHA/ARA on neurodevelopment, including the effects on visual acuity. Several points emerged from this review. (1) Animal studies indicate that requirements for DHA/ARA vary depending on developmental age. Alterations of the ratio of DHA/ARA can impact developmental outcome. (2) The available studies suggest that while supplementation of DHA/ARA in an appropriate ratio can increase tissue levels of these fatty acids in the brain and retina, tissues sensitive to depletion of fatty acids, the benefit of routine supplementation remains unclear. Few studies measure functional outcome relative to changes in physiologic pools of DHA/ARA after supplementation. (3) Animal literature does not support a clear long-term benefit of replenishing DHA/ARA tissue levels and administration of these fatty acids at concentrations above those in human milk suggests adverse effects on growth, survival, and neurodevelopment. Birth Defects Res (Part B) XX:1-11, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Authors:
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Karen Davis-Bruno; Melissa S Tassinari |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2011-6-15 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology Volume: - ISSN: 1542-9741 ISO Abbreviation: - Publication Date: 2011 Jun |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2011-6-16 Completed Date: - Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 101155115 Medline TA: Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol Country: - |
Other Details:
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Languages: ENG Pagination: - Citation Subset: - |
Copyright Information:
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© 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Affiliation:
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Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland. Karen.DavisBruno@fda.hhs.gov. |
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From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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