| Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 23135605 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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RATIONALE: Salvinorin A is a kappa opioid agonist and the principal psychoactive constituent of the plant Salvia divinorum, which has increased in popularity as a recreational drug over the past decade. Few human studies have examined salvinorin A. OBJECTIVE: This double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the dose-related effects of inhaled salvinorin A in individuals with histories of hallucinogen use. METHODS: Eight healthy hallucinogen-using adults inhaled up to 16 doses of salvinorin A (0.375-21 μg/kg) in ascending order. Physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects were assessed every 2 min for 60 min after administration. Qualitative subjective effects were assessed retrospectively via questionnaires at the end of sessions. Persisting effects were assessed 1 month later. RESULTS: Orderly dose-related effects peaked at 2 min and then rapidly dissipated, replicating previous findings. Subjective effects were intense, with maximal drug strength ratings or unresponsiveness frequently observed at high doses. Questionnaires assessing qualitative effects (Hallucinogen Rating Scale, Pharmacological Class Questionnaire) suggested some overlap with serotonergically mediated classic hallucinogens. Salvinorin A also produced dose-related dissociative effects and impairments in recall/recognition memory. At 1-month follow-up, there was no evidence of persisting adverse effects. Participants reported that salvinorin A effects were qualitatively different from other drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Salvinorin A produces a unique profile of subjective and cognitive effects, including strong dissociative effects and memory impairment, which only partially overlap with classic hallucinogen effects. Along with nonhuman studies of salvinorin A, these results are important for understanding the neurobiology of the kappa opioid system and may ultimately have important therapeutic applications. |
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Authors:
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Katherine A Maclean; Matthew W Johnson; Chad J Reissig; Thomas E Prisinzano; Roland R Griffiths |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2012-11-8 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Psychopharmacology Volume: - ISSN: 1432-2072 ISO Abbreviation: Psychopharmacology (Berl.) Publication Date: 2012 Nov |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2012-11-8 Completed Date: - Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 7608025 Medline TA: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Country: - |
Other Details:
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Languages: ENG Pagination: - Citation Subset: - |
Affiliation:
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Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA, katherine.a.maclean@gmail.com. |
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From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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