| Do smokers self-administer pure nicotine? A review of the evidence. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 15004737 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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RATIONALE: Nicotine is almost universally believed to be the primary agent motivating tobacco smoking and the main impediment to cessation. A principal argument in support of the presumed reinforcing properties of nicotine is that smokers self-administer pure nicotine. However, the evidence for nicotine self-administration in smokers has not been critically examined. OBJECTIVES: To review and examine the empirical basis for the assertion that smokers self-administer pure nicotine. METHODS: We reviewed all the studies we were able to locate that are cited as demonstrating self-administration of nicotine, isolated from tobacco, in normal smokers and non-smokers. These studies investigated self-administration of intravenous nicotine, nicotine gum and nicotine spray. Using the authors' own criteria, we examined whether these studies in fact demonstrate nicotine-self administration. RESULTS: None of the studies we reviewed demonstrated nicotine self-administration in smokers. Both smokers and non-smokers failed to show preference for nicotine over placebo in any of these studies, including in a series of six reports of overnight abstinent smokers having access to nicotine nasal spray, a rapidly absorbed form of nicotine. CONCLUSIONS: The common statement that smokers self-administer pure nicotine lacks empirical support. Smokers in fact do not administer pure nicotine in any of the forms studied to date, even when abstinent and presumably nicotine-deprived. This conclusion necessitates a critical re-examination of the nicotine addiction thesis. |
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Authors:
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Reuven Dar; Hanan Frenk |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Comparative Study; Journal Article; Review Date: 2004-03-05 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Psychopharmacology Volume: 173 ISSN: 0033-3158 ISO Abbreviation: Psychopharmacology (Berl.) Publication Date: 2004 Apr |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2004-04-14 Completed Date: 2004-08-06 Revised Date: 2006-11-15 |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 7608025 Medline TA: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Country: Germany |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 18-26 Citation Subset: IM |
Affiliation:
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Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.ruvidar@freud.tau.ac.il |
Export Citation:
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APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Animals Drug Administration Routes Humans Nicotine / administration & dosage* Nicotinic Agonists / administration & dosage* Reinforcement (Psychology) Self Administration Smoking / psychology* |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Nicotinic Agonists; 54-11-5/Nicotine |
| Comments/Corrections | |
Comment In:
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Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Sep;175(2):256-8; author reply 259-61
[PMID:
15309373
]
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From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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