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Diet, Environmental Factors, and Lifestyle Underlie the High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Healthy Adults in Scotland and Supplementation Reduces the Proportion That Are Severely Deficient.
MedLine Citation:
PMID:  21697298     Owner:  NLM     Status:  Publisher    
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
Vitamin D deficiency has recently been implicated as a possible risk factor in the etiology of numerous diseases, including nonskeletal conditions. In humans, skin synthesis following exposure to UVB is a potent source of vitamin D, but in regions with low UVB, individuals are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Our objectives were to describe the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and to investigate determinants of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations in a high northern latitude country. Detailed dietary, lifestyle, and demographic data were collected for 2235 healthy adults (21-82 y) from Scotland. Plasma 25-OHD was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. Among study participants, 34.5% were severely deficient (25-OHD<25 nmol/L) and 28.9% were at high risk of deficiency (25-40 nmol/L). Only 36.6% of participants were at low risk of vitamin D deficiency or had adequate levels (> 40 nmol/L). Among participants who were taking supplements, 21.3% had a May-standardized 25-OHD concentration > 50 nmol/L, 54.2% had 25-50 nmol/L, and 24.5% had <25 nmol/L, whereas this was 15.6, 43.3, and 41%, respectively, among those who did not take supplements (P < 0.0001). The most important sources of vitamin D were supplements and fish consumption. Vitamin D deficiency in Scotland is highly prevalent due to a combination of insufficient exposure to UVB and insufficient dietary intake. Higher dietary vitamin D intake modestly improved the plasma 25-OHD concentration (P = 0.02) and reduced the proportion of severely deficient individuals (P < 0.0001). In regions with low UVB exposure, dietary and supplement intake may be much more important than previously thought and consideration should be given to increasing the current recommended dietary allowance of 0-10 μg/d for adults in Scotland.
Authors:
Lina Zgaga; Evropi Theodoratou; Susan M Farrington; Felix Agakov; Albert Tenesa; Marion Walker; Susan Knox; A Michael Wallace; Roseanne Cetnarskyj; Geraldine McNeill; Janet Kyle; Mary E Porteous; Malcolm G Dunlop; Harry Campbell
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Publication Detail:
Type:  JOURNAL ARTICLE     Date:  2011-6-22
Journal Detail:
Title:  The Journal of nutrition     Volume:  -     ISSN:  1541-6100     ISO Abbreviation:  -     Publication Date:  2011 Jun 
Date Detail:
Created Date:  2011-6-23     Completed Date:  -     Revised Date:  -    
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID:  0404243     Medline TA:  J Nutr     Country:  -    
Other Details:
Languages:  ENG     Pagination:  -     Citation Subset:  -    
Affiliation:
Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
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