| Cardioplegia and cardiac surgery: pharmacological arrest and cardioprotection during global ischemia and reperfusion. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 20398698 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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Since the start of cardiac surgery in the 1950s, multiple techniques have been used to protect the heart during the surgical requirement for elective global ischemia (and the still, relaxed, bloodless field that this provides the surgeon for repair of the lesion). Most of these techniques have been discarded. The current gold standard, established over 30 years ago, is hyperkalemic (moderately increased extracellular potassium) cardioplegia; this technique revolutionized cardiac surgery, allowing significant surgical advancement with relative safety. Hyperkalemic cardioplegia induces a rapid depolarized arrest that is readily reversible. Recent patient demographic changes, with surgeons operating on older, sicker patients who have more severe and diffuse disease, potentially requires a more prolonged elective ischemia; hence, an improved myocardial protection would be of benefit. Several areas of study have demonstrated that a new concept of myocardial protection--'polarized' arrest--may provide this additional protection. Many pharmacological agents have been shown (in experimental studies), to have the ability to induce a polarized arrest and to provide improved protection. However, the often-overlooked requirements of effect reversibility and systemic safety have meant that these agents usually remain experimental in nature. This review attempts to highlight the cellular components that can be targeted, within the excitation-contraction coupling cascade, to induce cardiac arrest, and to provide an explanation for the mechanism of action of these agents. In this context, the agents are discussed in terms of their clinical potential for use during cardiac surgery, with particular reference to the safety aspects of the agents. |
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Authors:
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David J Chambers; Hazem B Fallouh |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: Journal Article; Review Date: 2010-04-14 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Pharmacology & therapeutics Volume: 127 ISSN: 1879-016X ISO Abbreviation: Pharmacol. Ther. Publication Date: 2010 Jul |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2010-06-23 Completed Date: 2010-10-07 Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 7905840 Medline TA: Pharmacol Ther Country: England |
Other Details:
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Languages: eng Pagination: 41-52 Citation Subset: IM |
Copyright Information:
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(c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
Affiliation:
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Cardiac Surgical Research/Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Rayne Institute (King's College London), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK. david.chambers@kcl.ac.uk |
Export Citation:
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| MeSH Terms | |
Descriptor/Qualifier:
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Animals Calcium Channels / drug effects Cardioplegic Solutions / therapeutic use* Cardiopulmonary Bypass Cardiotonic Agents / pharmacology, therapeutic use* Heart Arrest, Induced / methods* Humans Myocardial Ischemia / chemically induced* Myocardial Reperfusion* Sodium Channels / drug effects |
| Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
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0/Calcium Channels; 0/Cardioplegic Solutions; 0/Cardiotonic Agents; 0/Sodium Channels |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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