Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic and systemic autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. The disease is characterized by autoantibody production, abnormalities of immune-inflammatory system function and inflammatory manifestation in several organs. Although the pathogenesis of SLE is unknown, the increased concordance of SLE in monozygotic versus dizygotic twins and familial clustering provide evidences for the role of genetic factors in this disorder [¹]. However, the genetic background of SLE is thought to be complex and involves multiple genes encoding different molecules with significant functions in the regulation of the immune system [^1-4]. Among the genetic factors believed to influence susceptibility to SLE, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles show the most significant association. Importantly, several recent studies show that non-HLA genes play a role in the development of SLE [^1-4]. In this respect, there are several lines of evidence that chemokines and cytokines play an important role in the inflammatory development and progression of autoimmune diseases as SLE [^5-7]. Furthermore, it has been show that SLE patients show an up-regulation of inflammatory molecules [⁸,⁹].

Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of acute and chronic inflammatory processes, by recruitment of monocytes, T lymphocytes and eosinophils to sites of inflammation [¹⁰,¹¹]. Substantial evidence suggest that IL-8 and MCP-1, contribute to kidney injury in the glomerulonephritis of SLE, through glomerular leukocyte infiltration [¹²,¹³]. Serum levels of these inflammatory chemokines (RANTES, IL8 and MCP-1) are significantly higher in SLE patients than in control subjects, and correlated significant with SLEDAI score, suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of the disease [⁹]. As a consequence of renal disease, increased urine MCP-1 and urine IL-8 (uMCP-1, uIL-8) levels can be detected in SLE patients during active renal disease [¹⁴]. Interestingly some genetic variants within regulatory regions of these genes can affect the transcriptional activity and subsequent protein expression in human. For, RANTES the SNPs -403 G/A (rs2107538) and R3 (rs2306630) T/C, for IL-8 -353 T/A (rs4073) and for +781 C/T (rs2227306) and MCP-1 -2518 G/A (rs1024611) have been correlated to mRNA and or protein expression [^15-17].

In addition to these three genes, IL-1? also constitutes a strong candidate gene for SLE, since it is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays and important role in initiating and modulating the immune responses. There is a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of IL-1? gene at position -889 C/T (rs1800587), and the -889 C homozygous genotype has been associated with significantly lower transcriptional activity of the IL-1? gene and lower levels of IL-1? in plasma compared with the TT genotype [¹⁸].

Overall, the chemokines RANTES, IL-8, MCP-1and cytokine IL-1? are strong candidate genes for which genetic association studies can shed light on the underlying mechanisms causing the immune dysregulation, such as inappropriate T cell activation or trafficking in SLE.

Therefore, the aim of this work was to test for association of the reported functional polymorphisms in RANTES, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-1? with SLE susceptibility.

Table 2 shows the allele and genotype distribution of the RANTES,IL-8, IL-1?, and MCP-1 polymorphisms. For all polymorphisms, the distribution of genotypes did not deviate from that expected from populations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

In this work, we have tested six functional polymorphisms of four strong candidate genes for association with SLE. No evidence of association was detected for RANTES (-403 G/A, R3 T/C),IL-8 (-353 A/T, +781 C/T), IL-1? (-889C/T), and MCP-1 (-2518 G/A) polymorphisms. However, a significant association was observed for the IL-8 haplotype with SLE nephritis, which cannot be considered as significant after correction for multiple comparisons.

All these genes have been previously associated with susceptibility and development to several autoimmune disorders, included SLE [¹⁶,^21-27]. For example, recent studies in Asian populations found another RANTES polymorphism (-28C/G) to be associated with increased risk of developing SLE, but failed to detect any association of RANTES -403 polymorphisms with SLE [²²,²³]. We did not test the -28C/G variant as -28G allele is relatively uncommon in Caucasians [²⁸].

The genetic variant IL-8 -845C showed a high association to severe lupus nephritis (LN) in an African American population [¹⁶], but also this allele has a very low frequency in Caucasian populations [¹⁶,²⁹]. The trend of association that we have found between the haplotypes and LN and the reported association of other IL-8 variants this African American population, shows that variants in this chemokine may have a minor influence on the risk of developing nephritis in SLE patients.

Similar observation could be made for the reported association of the IL-1? -889C/T variant to SLE in a White and African American populations from United States, which we failed to replicate [³⁰]. With regard to the MCP-1 -2518 polymorphism, an American study showed that an A/G or G/G genotype may predispose to the development of SLE and further indicated that SLE patients with these genotypes may be at higher risk of developing LN [³].

The fact that we do not observe an association and fail to confirm some previous studies may be caused by a Type II error (false-negative). This is however unlikely because our sample has more than 80% power to detect the relative risk similar to the other studies at the 5% significance level. Furthermore, the genotype frequencies did not differ from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, and allele and genotype frequencies in our Spanish population are similar to those reported previously in other Caucasian populations [¹⁶,²⁶,³¹,³²]. The failure to replicate reported associations is a common event in the search for genetic determinants of complex diseases, due either to genuine population heterogeneity or a different sort of bias [³³]. The lack of replication in our population may alternatively be explained by a different racial composition of that study from ours, or that presence of environmental factors to which the Asian, American, and African populations, but not the Spanish population, are exposed. In addition, genetic differences are known to exist between the different ethnic groups, such as, African American and Caucasians.

In conclusion, our results suggest that functional genetics variation in RANTES, IL-8, IL-1?, and MCP-1 do not play a major role in SLE susceptibility in the Spanish population.

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

ES carried out the genotyping and statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript, JMS collected the samples, JLC collected the samples, EDR collected the samples, RGP collected the samples, FJGH collected the samples, JJA collected the samples, MFGE collected the samples, JM participated in the manuscript design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript, BK participated in the manuscript design, reviewed the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript.

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