| Amino acid neurotoxins in feathers of the Lesser Flamingo, Phoeniconaias minor. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 23123117 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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The Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) is known to use cyanobacteria (primarily Arthrospira) as a major food source in the East African Rift Valley lakes. Periodically, mass mortalities have occurred, associated with the cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins), microcystins and anatoxin-a. Deposition of these cyanotoxins into P. minor feathers has been shown to occur, consistent with the presence of cyanotoxins in the livers, stomach and faecal contents after dietary intake. As cyanobacteria have been shown to also produce the neurotoxins β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), stored wing feathers, previously recovered from flamingos which had been exposed to microcystins and anatoxin-a and had subsequently died, were analysed for these neurotoxic amino acids. Trace amounts of BMAA were detected in extracts from Lake Nakuru flamingo feathers, with DAB also present at concentrations between 3.5 and 8.5μgg(-1) dry weight in feathers from both lakes. Toxin recovery by solid-phase extraction of feather digests was tested with spiked deuterated BMAA and showed good recovery when analysed by LC-MS/MS (80-94%). This is the first report of these neurotoxic amino acids in birds. We discuss the origin and significance of DAB, alongside other cyanotoxins of dietary origin, in the feathers of the Lesser Flamingo. |
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Authors:
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J S Metcalf; S A Banack; K Kotut; L Krienitz; G A Codd |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2012-10-31 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Chemosphere Volume: - ISSN: 1879-1298 ISO Abbreviation: Chemosphere Publication Date: 2012 Oct |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2012-11-5 Completed Date: - Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 0320657 Medline TA: Chemosphere Country: - |
Other Details:
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Languages: ENG Pagination: - Citation Subset: - |
Copyright Information:
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Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Affiliation:
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Institute for Ethnomedicine, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, University, 38677, USA; Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK. Electronic address: james@ethnomedicine.org. |
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From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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