| Alcohol and acetaldehyde in African fermented milk mursik - A possible etiological factor for high incidence of esophageal cancer in western Kenya. | |
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MedLine Citation:
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PMID: 23155139 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher |
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
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BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer is unusually frequent in western Kenya, despite the low prevalence of classical risk factors such as heavy drinking and tobacco smoking. Among Kenyans consumption of fermented milk is an old tradition. Our hypothesis is that alcohol and acetaldehyde are produced during the fermentation process and that their carcinogenic potential contributes to the high incidence of esophageal cancer. METHODS: Eight samples of mursik milk starter cultures were collected from different Kalenjin families in the Rift Valley province, Western Kenya. A protocol provided by the families was used for milk fermentation. Ethanol and acetaldehyde levels were measured by gas chromatography. The microbial flora in starter cultures was identified by 16S and 18S sequencing. RESULTS: 7/8 starter cultures produced mutagenic (>100 µM) levels of acetaldehyde and 4/8 starter cultures produced >1000 µM of acetaldehyde. The highest alcohol levels (mean 79.4 mM) were detected in the four fermented milks with highest acetaldehyde production. The mean number of microbial species in the starter cultures was 5 (range 2-8). Yeasts were identified in all starter cultures (mean 1.5 species/milk) but their proportion of the total microbial count varied markedly (mean 35%, range 7-90%). A combination of yeast and lactobacilli, especially Candida krusei with Lactobacillus kefiri, with the exclusion of other species, seemed to correlate with higher acetaldehyde and ethanol levels. CONCLUSIONS: Significant levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde were produced during mursik fermentation. Impact: When ingested several times daily the repeated exposure to carcinogenic levels of acetaldehyde may contribute to esophageal carcinogenesis. |
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Authors:
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Mikko T Nieminen; Lily Novak-Frazer; Rebecca Collins; Sonja P Dawsey; Sanford M Dawsey; Christian C Abnet; Russell E White; Neal D Freedman; Michael M Mwachiro; Paul Bowyer; Mikko Salaspuro; Riina Rautemaa |
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Publication Detail:
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Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2012-11-15 |
Journal Detail:
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Title: Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology Volume: - ISSN: 1538-7755 ISO Abbreviation: Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. Publication Date: 2012 Nov |
Date Detail:
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Created Date: 2012-11-16 Completed Date: - Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
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Nlm Unique ID: 9200608 Medline TA: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Country: - |
Other Details:
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Languages: ENG Pagination: - Citation Subset: - |
Affiliation:
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1Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki. |
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From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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