Oral tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline and lymecycline) have been commonly regarded as effective for treating both inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne. An excellent review of efficacy of 57 clinical trials by Simonart et al. in 2007 concluded that compared to the baseline before treatment, efficacies of all tetracyclines were similar (mean ...

Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (tetramine; TETS) is a potent convulsant poison that is considered to be a chemical threat agent. To provide a basis for the investigation of antidotes for TETS-induced seizures, we characterized the convulsant activity of TETS in mice and rats when administered by the intraperitoneal, intravenous, oral and intraventricular routes ...

Oral treatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline in an open-label fixed-design clinical trial in 312 patients with hyposmia improved smell function in >50%. Before treatment, all patients had lower than normal levels of nasal mucus cAMP and cGMP. The purpose of this study was to study relationships among changes in ...

Once daily dosing of aminoglycosides is widely used but is limited by the inconvenience of the slow infusion it requires and the associated three-times daily infusion of a beta-lactam. Twice daily tobramycin can be given as a slow IV bolus and may be more convenient. This study compares twice with ...

Background:Transtympanic administration of gentamicin may be suitable to achieve unilateral vestibular ablation, in order to control unilateral Ménière's disease. In low doses, gentamicin appears to affect selectively the vestibular system, with relative sparing of the cochlea. An experimental study on guinea pigs was conducted to determine what single dose of ...

Intratympanic gentamicin injection (ITGI) has gained acceptance worldwide for the treatment of Ménière's disease. Reports assessing the efficacy of ITGI suffer from high variability between patients. This variability may be due to ITGI, which does not permit a sustained diffusion of gentamicin across the round window membrane. The present study ...

Etimicin sulfate, an ethylization derivative of gentamicin, is a new soluble wide-spectrum synthetic aminoglycoside drug. It has wide antibacterial spectrum with high effect and less cross resistance as compared to other aminoglycosides. In order to further explore its safety and tolerance, we have conducted a subactute toxicity study on swiss ...

Thirty adult patients who received intravenous colistin (5.1 ± 2.4 mg/kg/day) were reviewed to evaluate dosing with respect to nephrotoxicity, which occurred in 10 (33%) patients within the first 5 days of treatment. Excessive colistin dosing was frequent (47%), often (71%) resulted from the use of actual body weight in ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of mild-to-moderate induced hypothermia-a neuroprotectant and/or therapeutic strategy for the management of intracranial hypertension in neurologically injured patients-on the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside therapy. DESIGN: Pharmacokinetic analysis. SETTING: Critical care unit at a university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: Three patients, aged 22, 24, and 47 years, who ...

The objective of the present prospective pharmacokinetic study was to describe the variability of plasma gentamicin concentrations in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) necessitating extended daily diafiltration (EDD-f) using a population pharmacokinetic model and to subsequently perform Monte Carlo dosing simulations to determine which dose regimen achieves ...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to establish the feasibility of long-term gentamicin dosing to achieve stop codon readthrough and produce full-length dystrophin. Mutation suppression of stop codons, successfully achieved in the mdx mouse using gentamicin, represents an important evolving treatment strategy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). METHODS: Two ...

Gentamicin (G) is a highly nephrotoxic aminoglucoside. It was used to experimentally induce nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. To find a drug capable of protecting the nephron we assayed a cardioprotector (trimetazidine, TMZ) and a hepatoprotector (N-acetyl cysteine, NAC). The rats were divided into six groups (n = 8): (A) ...

OBJECTIVES: Once-daily gentamicin therapy is becoming increasingly common in pediatric practice; however, little is known about pharmacokinetics in critical illness. Gentamicin exhibits concentration dependant killing; thus, peak serum concentrations at least eight times higher than minimum inhibition concentration of the target organism have been recommended. We wanted to derive pharmacokinetic ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To estimate an appropriate once-daily gentamicin dose and dosing interval for non-critical care pediatric patients older than 3 months of age without cystic fibrosis. DESIGN: Pharmacokinetic analysis of data from a retrospective medical record review. SETTING: Large academic children's hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred fourteen non-critical care pediatric patients ...

Patients with fever and granulocytopenia are at risk of developing severe infection. We performed a prospective, randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose cefepime plus amikacin (C-A) compared to low-dose piperacillin/tazobactam plus amikacin (PT-A). Patients received cefepime (2 g/12 h) plus amikacin (15 mg/kg/day) or piperacillin/tazobactam (4 g/500 mg/8 ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether daily gentamicin is as effective as 8-hour gentamicin for the treatment of intrapartum chorioamnionitis. METHODS: Women with a clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis between 32 and 42 weeks of gestation were randomly assigned in labor to receive either daily gentamicin (5 mg/kg intravenously (IV), then 2 placebo ...

Extended-interval once-daily dosing with the aminoglycoside tobramycin has been proven to be equally efficacious as traditional thrice-daily dosing for treatment of the pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis in adults and children older than 5 years. The frequencies of acute ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity do not appear to be significantly different between ...

The early identification of hearing impairment allows for an intervention still in the 'critical' and ideal period of hearing and language stimulation. Pediatric ototoxicity is a very controversial topic. There have been variable percentages of ototoxicity cases in children with different aminoglycosides antibiotics. The main pediatric groups whom receive aminoglycosides ...

Mondia whitei root was evaluated to validate its anecdotal use and determine its possible mode of action in the management of erectile dysfunction. Rabbits were administered with daily oral doses of 100-400 mg kg(-1) crude ethanolic extract of M. whitei and sildenafil (50 mg kg(-1)) as positive control for 6 ...

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate an existing once-daily gentamicin dosing guideline in children with febrile neutropenia resulting from antineoplastic therapy and, if necessary, to develop a new simulated dosing guideline that would achieve pharmacokinetic targets more reliably after the first dose. DESIGN: Pharmacokinetic analysis of data from a retrospective medical record ...

INTRODUCTION: It has been proposed that doses of amikacin of >15 mg/kg should be used in conditions associated with an increased volume of distribution (Vd), such as severe sepsis and septic shock. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether 25 mg/kg (total body weight) of amikacin is ...

People with cystic fibrosis, who are chronically colonised with the organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, often require multiple courses of intravenous aminoglycoside antibiotics for the management of pulmonary exacerbations. The properties of aminoglycosides suggest that they could be given in higher doses less often. To assess the effectiveness and safety of once-daily ...

BACKGROUND: Extended-interval dosing strategies have been developed to exploit the concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and time-dependent host toxicity associated with aminoglycoside the therapy. The ability of published extended-interval dosing nomograms to achieve optimal pharmacodynamic endpoints may be limited in certain critically ill surgical patients. METHODS: Review of pertinent English language literature. ...

CONTEXT: Use of once daily aminoglycosides continues to increase for the pediatric population, including oncology patients. Concerns have been identified and still need to be resolved including the optimal dose, frequency, and monitoring parameters. OBJECTIVE: We completed a study to determine if empiric use of gentamicin 7 mg/kg once daily ...

Adsorption of gentamicin and netilmicin by new polyacrylonitrile and polyamide hemofiltration filters was studied over 4 h, using a single-compartment in vitro continuous venovenous hemofiltration model. After the first dose (16.6 mg of gentamicin, 19.3 mg of netilmicin), 14.9 mg of gentamicin and 19.2 mg of netilmicin were adsorbed to ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol for critically ill neonates. DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review with pharmacokinetic analysis. SETTING: Two neonatal intensive care units in a pediatric tertiary care system. PATIENTS: Sequential sample of 644 critically ill neonates less than 7 ...

Gentamicin is extensively used in the treatment of severe Gram-negative bacterial infections. A loading dose of 7 mg/kg is recommended to achieve a maximum concentration (C(max)) above 16 mg/L. We studied gentamicin pharmacokinetic data from patients treated between January 2006 and June 2008 in two intensive-care units. The Sawchuk and ...

The aim of this simulation study was to evaluate the ability of three regimens proposed in official French recommendations for gentamicin to hit defined pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic targets in a population of elderly patients. The first drug regimen tested consisted of a loading dose of 1 mg/kg and a ...

The aim of this study was to compare the nephrotoxic potential of amikacin (AK) and gentamicin (GM) in patients with normal baseline renal function. This study was a 1-year, non-interventional prospective study of patients administered either GM or AK. The study was carried out at the internal medicine department of ...

INTRODUCTION: Gentamicin is an important aminoglycoside antibiotic used in clinics to combat infections from especially gram negative bacteria. A frequent side-effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics is a kidney injury consisting of necrosis of proximal tubular cells. It is important both in clinics and in research directed to eliminate or ameliorate this ...

The presence of antibiotic residues in milk not only is a potential consumer risk but also may cause serious problems in the fermentation processes used in the dairy industry. There is very limited information available on the effect of heat treatments on aminoglycoside activity in milk. For this reason, the ...

Gentamicin (GM) is used against serious and life-threatening infections, but its use is limited by the occurrence of nephrotoxicity, which involves the generation of free radicals. In this work we tested the effect of a compound with antioxidant properties, tertamethylpyrazine (TMP), a major constituent of the Chinese medicinal plant Lingusticum ...

AIM: The aim of this paper is to study the safety and efficacy (measured by therapeutic level) of once daily gentamicin in neonates >or=32 weeks of gestation and <or=7 days of age. SETTING: Level II neonatal intensive care unit. SUBJECTS: Neonates >or=32 weeks of gestation and <or=7 days of age ...

Aminoglycosides have been widely used in end-stage renal failure patients for the treatment of infections caused by gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus. Traditionally, these agents are administered post dialysis to avoid premature dialytic clearance, although no studies have been performed to confirm that this dosing strategy represents the optimal treatment ...

The purpose of this study was to quantify the prevalence of once-daily dosage of tobramycin (ODDT) among Cystic Fibrosis Foundation-accredited care centers and affiliated programs (CFFACCs) and characterize the ODDT approaches used by these institutions. An anonymous cross-sectional survey of CFFACCs was performed using an electronic survey tool. This tool ...

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate intravenous infusions as used in the neonatal intensive care setting, to determine the effect of gentamicin dose (mg), gentamicin concentrations (mg/ml), flow rate (ml/h) and flush volume (ml) upon the length of infusion time. METHODS: Intravenous infusions were set up to simulate administration of ...

Catheter-related bacteremia (CRB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially among patients receiving hemodialysis. Antibiotic lock therapy represents a promising technique in the treatment of CRB. Several studies have evaluated antibiotics in combination with heparin as an interdialytic locking solution for prophylaxis of CRB. The objective of this ...

PURPOSE: To examine the pharmacokinetics of amikacin and its pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic (PKPD) relationship in neonates. To develop an alternative dosing strategy for amikacin in neonates. METHODS: A population PKPD analysis was performed using data collected from 80 neonates with gestational ages from 24 to 41 weeks. The final pharmacokinetic model ...

BACKGROUND: Dosing of gentamicin in neonates in Christchurch has been carried out since 2000 using a locally developed extended-interval dosing protocol. All dosing data have been recorded in a database. AIMS: The aims of this study were to analyse the database to determine what percentage of neonates achieved target values ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of parenteral nutrition on netilmicin pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates during the first week of life. METHOD: A total of 200 neonates (gestational ages 26.4-41 weeks) treated with netilmicin (4-5 mg/kg in extended dosing intervals) for postnatal sepsis in ...

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are preferentially delivered via the peritoneal route to treat peritonitis, a major complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), so that maximal concentrations are delivered at the site of infection. However, drugs administered intraperitoneally can be absorbed into the systemic circulation. Drugs excreted by the kidneys accumulate in PD patients, ...

Maximal aminoglycoside (AG) killing requires that the ratio of peak serum concentrations (Cmax) to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the pathogen exceeds by > or =10. This has been shown to hasten resolution of infection in the general patient population. It was postulated that critically ill patients, likely to ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Delivery of appropriate antimicrobial therapy is a great challenge during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH), particularly if the recommended higher doses are applied. The present contribution discusses the principles of drug dosing during CVVH and compares the various proposed dosing strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: The basic principles underlying removal ...

The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the pathological effects of gentamicin in birds. Broiler chicks at 1 day of age were intramuscularly administered gentamicin at dose levels varying from 0 to 180 mg/kg. Clinical signs comprising of depression, decreased feed consumption, increased water intake, loose watery droppings ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two different regimens for gentamicin administration (once or twice daily) in newborns with suspected sepsis, and the ability of these regimens to achieve recommended serum gentamicin concentrations (SGC) within the therapeutic range. Setting Neonatal intensive care unit. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective study of newborns > or ...

OBJECTIVE: To research the protective effect of melatonin against gentamicin ototoxicity. METHODS: Guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups. The first group received intramuscular gentamicin (120 mg/kg body weight/day) for 17 days. Over the same time period, a second group simultaneously received intramuscular gentamicin (120 mg/kg body weight/day) plus ...

The purpose of this study was to compare effects of insulin detemir once daily versus twice a day in a basal-bolus insulin regimen. In this open-label, 7-month study, 520 patients with type 1 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive detemir once daily or twice daily with mealtime insulin aspart. Insulin ...

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate some differences between humans and rodents in the dose-effect relationships for two ototoxic drugs. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled animal study using typical research regimens for gentamicin and cisplatin compared with human data from the clinical literature. METHODS: Auditory brainstem response testing was carried out over months in two ...

BACKGROUND: The in vivo pharmacokinetics of gentamycin- loaded collagen fleeces in humans have not been described in the current literature. We therefore analyzed in vivo pharmacokinetics of these fleeces when used in the treatment of periprosthetic infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Gentamycin concentrations were measured in 19 consecutive patients with an ...

INTRODUCTION: Gentamicin is one of the most extensively studied aminoglycoside antibiotics. The dogma of gentamicin ototoxicity theorizes that (1) the toxic effects of the drug are cumulative and dose dependent, despite clinical observations of ototoxicity after a single dose, and (2) gentamicin's ototoxic effects are irreversible, although clinicians have observed ...