Introduction: The possible oncostatic properties of melatonin on different types of neoplasias have been studied especially in hormone-dependent adenocarcinomas. Despite the promising results of these experimental investigations, the use of melatonin in breast cancer treatment in humans is still uncommon. Areas covered: This article reviews the usefulness of this indoleamine ...

BackgroundEpidemiological studies have provided strong evidence for a role of endogenous sex steroids in the etiology of breast cancer. Our aim was to identify common variants in genes involved in sex steroid synthesis or metabolism that are associated with hormone levels and the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women.MethodsWe ...

We report 201 gallbladder adenomas from 91 patients most of whom were adult females. Fifty-three (58%) patients had gallstones. In 83 (91%) patients the adenomas were single. One gallbladder had 102 adenomas. Histologically, 165 (82%) of 201 adenomas were classified as pyloric, 28 (14%) as intestinal, 5 (2.4%) as foveolar, ...

A 46-year-old woman was initially diagnosed with rare small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of uterine cervix with regional lymph node metastases. She hesitated to undergo the suggested concurrent chemoradiation therapy and was lost to follow-up for 4 months. Then, a FDG PET/CT scan was requested for restaging her disease and disclosed other ...

Concentration of radioiodine is well known in breast milk and lactating breast, but is rare in nonlactating breast. We reported a menopausal female with proved papillary thyroid carcinoma, of which total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablative treatment were carried out. Postablative whole-body scan showed remarkable concentration of radioiodine in bilateral breasts. ...

Thyroid carcinoma (TC) combined with congenital hypothyroidism is rare. The synchronous occurrence of these two conditions is even rarer. We describe a patient with congenital hypothyroidism in whom hyperthyroglobulinemia and nodules developed despite adequate replacement therapy. Papillary TC was detected at age 19 years. Postoperative diagnostic scintigraphy showed increased uptake ...

We examined compliance with and the effects of melatonin supplementation on breast cancer biomarkers (estradiol, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio) in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, postmenopausal women with a prior history of stages 0-III breast ...

Melatonin has been shown to inhibit breast cancer cell growth in numerous studies. However, our understanding of the therapeutic effects of this hormone is still marginal and there is little information concerning its combination with other antitumor agents to achieve additional potential benefits. All-trans retinoic acids or somatostatin have been ...

The usefulness of melatonin and melatoninergic drugs in breast cancer therapy is based on its Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) and Selective Estrogen Enzyme Modulator (SEEM) properties. Because of the oncostatic properties of melatonin, its nocturnal suppression by light-at-night (LAN) has been considered a risk-factor for breast cancer. Melatonin's SERM ...

Abstract Background: Research in bovine lactation has demonstrated that milk produced by a mammary gland displaying inflammation-based symptoms of mastitis has increased levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) compared with milk produced by a contralateral asymptomatic gland. However, the effects of mastitis on lipid classes in milk have not been ...

Saliva is a useful biofluid for the early detection of disease, but how distal tumors communicate with the oral cavity and create disease-specific salivary biomarkers remains unclear. Using an in vitro breast cancer model, we demonstrated that breast cancer-derived exosome-like microvesicles are capable of interacting with salivary gland cells, altering ...

The pituitary gland and infundibulum can be involved in a variety of medical conditions, including infiltrative diseases, fungal infections, tuberculosis, and primary and metastatic tumors. Metastases to the pituitary gland are absolutely rare, and they are generally secondary to pulmonary carcinoma in men and breast carcinoma in women. Pituitary metastases ...

Secretory carcinoma is a rare but distinct subtype of breast carcinoma, with characteristic histomorphology and generally favorable prognosis. Although it was originally described as a juvenile breast carcinoma, occurring in young children, most cases have been reported in adults of both sexes. As the name implies, the characteristic histomorphology is ...

The use of human saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic fluid has until recently been somewhat disregarded. Although sample collection is non-invasive, physiological and genetic variations were largely responsible for its infrequent application in the past. Recently, several proteomic studies contributed to partial elucidation of the salivary proteome (more than ...

BACKGROUND: Parotid gland metastasis in breast cancer is extremely rare, and only 14 cases have been reported between 1982 and 2010. CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old female patient was diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma of the left breast. Although clinical staging was T1N3M1 (stage IV), the tumor experienced a complete response ...

Rhinoliths are nasal stones that result from mineralisation of salts around an endogenous or exogenous nidus within the nasal cavity. They are uncommon nasal masses and usually unilateral and single, situated in the floor of the nose. The patient typically presents with nasal obstruction, facial pain and foul-smelling nasal secretion. ...

Most women over the age of 35 years referred to a breast clinic have single-quadrant symptoms and undergo mammography (MMG) as part of the triple assessment of these. A proportion of these women has no abnormality clinically or on ultrasonography (P1 U1). The aim of this study was to assess ...

A 40-year-old woman presented to the Brooke Army Medical Center Emergency Department complaining of 2 episodes of gross hematuria. Computed tomography and intravenous pyelogram revealed a right renal mass. A radical nephrectomy was performed with complete excision of the mass with negative margins on histological examination. The patient was diagnosed ...

With advances in the sensitivity of mammographic screening and the broader population of women screened via national programmes. More than 50% of all new breast cancers in the United Kingdom are screen-detected and of the 11,110 invasive breast cancers (78.7 per cent of all UK cancers) detected in the year ...

The tumor suppressor activity of Beclin 1 (BECN1), a subunit of class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, has been attributed to its regulation of apoptosis and autophagy. Here, we identify FYVE-CENT (ZFYVE26), a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding protein important for cytokinesis, as a novel interacting protein of Beclin 1. A mutation in ...

Cutaneous metastases are a rarity, even more so when they arise from a medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) which accounts for only 8% of all thyroid cancers. MTC arises from C-cells that produce calcitonin, and it most commonly metastasizes to lymph nodes in the neck. Distant metastases of MTC may involve ...

The prevalence of occult medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in the general population is unknown but may be important when considering strategies to diagnose clinically relevant MTC in nodular goiter or other populations. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of occult MTC in a series of autopsies. We conducted a ...

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for 5 to 10% of all thyroid cancers but is responsible for a disproportionate number of deaths. We performed a retrospective review to describe clinical outcomes in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma, screening a subset of patients for somatic mutations in the RET and p18 ...

Familial nonmultiple endocrine neoplasia medullary thyroid cancer accounts for 10% to 15% of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma and is characterized by lack of accompanying endocrine or nonendocrine diseases. Simultaneous occurrence of medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma in the same patient is rare and known as collision tumor. Here, the authors ...

Medullary carcinomas have a better prognosis than other grade 3 mammary carcinomas, but they typically show basal-like biological features, which are associated with a poor prognosis. In this study we examined the associations and prognostic relevance of medullary histological features in a series of 165 invasive carcinomas with a basal-like ...

We present a case report of a female patient with metastasis of breast carcinoma to the medullary conus and cauda equina. A 48-year-old woman with a history of breast tumor, suddenly felt severe weakness and numbness of the lower extremities. MRI of the spine disclosed a mass lesion within the ...

AIMS: Medullary carcinomas (MCs) represent a rare breast cancer subtype associated with a rather favourable prognosis compared with invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). Due to histopathological overlap, MCs are frequently misclassified as high-grade IDCs, potentially leading to overtreatment of MCs. Our aim was to establish novel diagnostic markers distinguishing MCs from ...

Mixed medullary-papillary carcinomas are very rare and still not listed in the WHO classification (1988). The rarity of the co-existence of medullary and papillary carcinoma suggests that these cases represent mere coincidence. Some studies have shown that radiation exposure has induced neoplasia in the two cell types in rats. But ...

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an uncommon malignancy of the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, with a propensity for early lymph node spread and distant metastasis. It is hereditary in approximately 25% of cases, involving specific point mutations of the RET proto-oncogene inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. While ...

Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world and is the second commonest cancer according to hospital-based data from Kashmir, India. The objective of this study was to assess the histopathological pattern of primary malignant tumours of lung at a tertiary care hospital among smokers and non-smokers ...

Metastasis to the prostate gland from gastric cancer is exceedingly rare. We have presented a rare case of gastric malignancy metastasizing to the prostate diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.

We present a case of a giant sellar and suprasellar skull base-invasive metastasis from a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Radiographic features were similar to atypical/malignant meningioma or pituitary macroadenoma. Intracranial metastases from medullary thyroid carcinoma are very rare. Unusual features of our case are discussed.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to define the need for lymph node dissection in Rearranged during Transfection (RET) carriers at risk for hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Controversy surrounds the need for lymph node dissection to complement thyroidectomy in RET carriers. METHODS: Integration of molecular, biochemical, histopathologic, and clinical ...

BACKGROUND: Mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma denotes a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors displaying morphological and immunophenotypical features of both origins within the same lesion. METHOD: We report a case of a 41-year-old woman with a lump in the right side of the neck, increasing in pain and size over ...

Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a highly malignant and progressive disease. Surgery is the only effective treatment. Calcitonin is a significant marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma, and due to its sensitivity it represents a useful tool for the follow-up. The outcome of patients affected by medullary thyroid carcinoma depends on tumor ...

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) may occur sporadically or as a manifestation of an autosomal-dominant inherited syndrome, the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. DNA-based RET genotype analysis gained worldwide acceptance in the identification of asymptomatic gene carrier. MTC synthesize and secrete calcitonin, a well established tumor marker and postoperative level of ...

INTRODUCTION: Medullary thyroid carcinoma may occur in a sporadic (s-medullary thyroid carcinoma, 75%) or in a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 form (MEN2, 25%). These clinical forms differ in many ways, as s-medullary thyroid carcinoma cases are RET-negative in the germline and are typically diagnosed later than medullary thyroid carcinoma ...

In endocrine malignancies (thyroid carcinoma, parathyroid carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, malignant pheochromocytoma) surgery is currently the treatment of choice, in case of differentiated thyroid carcinomas followed by 131-I-radioiodine administration. This approach is often successful in early disease; however, treatment options for advanced endocrine malignancies remain unsatisfactory and prognosis is poor. In ...

The new gene expression molecular taxonomy of breast cancer places medullary carcinoma in the basal group. The basal group is considered to have a poor prognosis, but medullary carcinoma is considered to have a better prognosis than other grade 3 carcinomas. The prognostic significance of tumour associated inflammation, an important ...

CONTEXT: Systemic chemotherapies for advanced or metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been of only limited effectiveness. For patients with differentiated or medullary carcinomas unresponsive to conventional treatments, novel therapies are needed to improve disease outcomes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The PubMed and Google Scholar search engines were used to identify publications and peer-reviewed ...

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined as a group of breast carcinomas that are negative for expression of hormone receptors and HER2. Although patients with TNBC tend to have a poor prognosis, only chemotherapy is expected to be effective because no therapeutic targets have yet been established. DNA microarray analyses ...

Hypercalcitoninemia has frequently been reported as a marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Currently, calcitonin measurements are mostly useful in the evaluation of tumor size and progression, and as an index of biochemical improvement of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Although measurement of calcitonin is a highly sensitive method for the detection of ...

Calcitonin (CT) is secreted mainly by parafollicular C cells. In normal subjects, serum CT (sCT) levels are low and barely detectable by commonly used assays. Increased sCT levels are highly suggestive of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Since the clinical manifestation of MTC is a thyroid nodule, either single or in ...

Undifferentiated or medullary carcinoma is characterized by its distinct histologic appearance and relatively better prognosis compared to poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma. These 2 entities may be difficult to differentiate by light microscopy alone. Only limited immunohistochemical studies investigating medullary carcinoma have been reported. These studies suggest a loss of intestinal ...

CONTEXT: Prophylactic thyroidectomies are increasingly performed on patients at risk for developing medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC); consequently, pathologists are more commonly encountering these specimens in routine practice. OBJECTIVE: To describe the detailed clinicopathologic features of prophylactic thyroidectomies for medullary carcinoma. DESIGN: We present a retrospective series of 42 prophylactic thyroidectomies ...

A 46-year-old woman with known multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A was referred for evaluation of left-sided progressive diplopia and proptosis. She was given the presumptive diagnosis of progressive thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Clinical examination revealed significant proptosis and restricted motility of the left eye. Serial CT demonstrated a marked progression in size ...

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) expresses CCK-2 receptors. (111)In-labeled DOTA-DGlu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH(2) (DOTA-MG11), DOTA-DAsp-Tyr-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH(2) (DOTA-CCK), and (99m)Tc-labeled N(4)-Gly-DGlu-(Glu)(5)-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH(2) ((99m)Tc-Demogastrin 2) are analogs developed for CCK-2 receptor-targeted scintigraphy. All 3 radiolabeled analogs were selected on the basis of their high CCK-2 receptor affinity and their good in vitro serum stability, with in vitro serum ...

Multiple immunohistochemical stains, including cytokeratin (CK)5/6, are used in a panel format to identify "basal-like" carcinomas. We set out to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the CK5 antibody (clone XM26) and compared its expression with that of CK5/6 (clone D5/16B4) in a variety of breast carcinoma cases. The study ...

Most invasive breast cancers are classified as invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC NOS), whereas about 25% are defined as histological 'special types'. These special-type breast cancers are categorized into at least 17 discrete pathological entities; however, whether these also constitute discrete molecular entities remains to be determined. Current ...

Several antineuronal antibodies are associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Anti-Ri is one of these antibodies in some cases but it is more commonly associated with paraneoplastic opsoclonus myoclonus in the context of gynecological neoplasia. Anti-Ri autoantibodies are thought to be directed against onconeural antigens, NOVA-1 and NOVA-2, that are expressed ...