PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of nanocarrier molecular size and shape on breast duct retention in normal rats using a non-invasive optical imaging method. METHODS: Fluorescein-labeled PEG nanocarriers of different molecular weights and shapes (linear, two-arm, four-arm, and eight-arm) were intraductally administered (50 nmol) to female Sprague-Dawley rats. Whole body images ...

PURPOSEMetformin is associated with reduced breast cancer risk in observational studies in patients with diabetes, but clinical evidence for antitumor activity is unclear. The change in Ki-67 between pretreatment biopsy and post-treatment surgical specimen has prognostic value and may predict antitumor activity in breast cancer.Patients and methodsAfter tumor biopsy, we ...

The objective of this study are (1) to determine if upper extremity function, as represented by shoulder ROM, self-reported symptoms and upper extremity functional limitations in activities of daily living could be predictively related to demographic and cancer characteristics post-surgery for breast cancer. And (2) to examine if variables related ...

  The objective of this study was to describe the progression of arm lymphedema (ALE) after the initial presentation among patients receiving breast conservation therapy for early stage breast cancer and to identify potential risk factors contributing to ALE progression. The study sample was the 266 stage I or II ...

Pilates has been advocated for rehabilitation of breast cancer survivors despite little scientific evidence. The authors of this article have examined the feasibility of a Pilates program in postmastectomy breast cancer survivors and the impact on physical and psychological parameters. Fifteen breast cancer survivors were recruited in a one-arm study ...

BACKGROUND: The study aims to determine the impact of delayed breast reconstruction on women with breast-cancer treatment-related lymphoedema after mastectomy. METHODS: Twenty women with breast-cancer treatment-related arm lymphoedema prospectively requesting breast reconstruction were included between January 2002 and June 2009. Lymphoedema volume was calculated for each 5-cm segment using the ...

Study Type - Therapy (cohort) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation may contribute to the development of BPH and LUTS. Therefore, it is plausible that anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin and other NSAIDs, may reduce the risk ...

EGFR signalling pathways appear involved in endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. This trial estimates the antitumor efficacy and toxicity of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in combination with anastrozole or fulvestrant in postmenopausal hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Subjects with estrogen receptor and/or PgR positive, metastatic breast cancer ...

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Estrogen Receptor- (ER) and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) positivity are inversely correlated by standard criteria. However, we investigated the quantitative relationship between ER and HER2 expression at both RNA and protein levels in HER2+ve and HER2-ve breast carcinomas. METHODS: ER and HER2 levels were assessed ...

Sternal metastasis from ovarian carcinoma is extremely rare. We report a case of a young woman in whom a single metastasis at the level of the upper portion of the sternum developed. Surgical excision of the sternum was performed with replacement by a sternal allograft stabilized by titanium plates and ...

Objectives: Metformin, the most used oral antidiabetic drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetus mellitus, has proved encouraging results when used in the treatment of various types of cancer such as triple-negative breast cancer. Despite compelling evidence of a role of metformin as an anticancer drug, the mechanisms by ...

INTRODUCTION: Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is a method to preserve upper extremity (UE) lymphatics during axillary surgery in breast cancer patients. This may reduce the incidence of lymphedema. Very precise method to demonstrate lymphatic drainage is direct X-ray lymphography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The evaluation of direct lymphography X-ray images of ...

This paper describes the considerations leading to FDA's November 15, 2010 approval of eribulin mesylate (HalavenTM) for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic breast cancer. The FDA review focused primarily on results of a single randomized, open label, multicenter trial of 762 patients with refractory locally advanced or metastatic ...

Axillary lymph node dissection(AND) is a common treatment for breast cancer. An important side effect of the surgery is lymphoedema (LO). The primary aims of this study were to assess the local prevalence of LO in patients who had undergone AND and how the subjective symptoms described by patients compare ...

The Mammary Prevention 3 (MAP.3) placebo-controlled randomized trial in 4,560 high-risk postmenopausal women showed a 65% reduction in invasive breast cancer with the use of exemestane at 35 months median follow-up. Few differences in adverse events were observed between the arms, suggesting a promising risk:benefit balance with exemestane for use ...

BACKGROUND: Large randomized clinical trials have established radiotherapy in conjunction with adjuvant systemic treatment as standard treatment in breast cancer after both mastectomy and lumpectomy. Although standard radiation therapy is well tolerated by the majority of patients, some patients might suffer from late normal tissue effects. METHODS: The literature on ...

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 are associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. This prognostic value may rely in part on the fact that p53 plays a role in the antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of chemotherapy regimens used to treat breast tumors. However, some studies suggested that p53 ...

Breast sarcomas are rare neoplasms of the breast that need to be clearly distinguished from the very common breast carcinomas and treated in a multidisciplinary manner modelled after treatment paradigms in other sarcoma locations. An increasing need to differentiate sarcoma sub-types based on molecular characteristics that will also be depicted ...

Our aim was to describe the differences in the presence of myofascial trigger points (TrPs) in neck and shoulder muscles after 2 surgery approaches for breast cancer: mastectomy or lumpectomy. Thirty-two women (mean age: 50 ± 7 years) who received lumpectomy, 16 women (mean age: 48 ± 10 years) who had received mastectomy after ...

Metastatic carcinoma of the soft tissue is extremely rare compared with bone metastases. An intramuscular mass is often thought to be a primary soft tissue sarcoma because intramuscular metastases are very uncommon. Any painful soft tissue mass occurring in patients with a known history of carcinoma, particularly with extensive peritumoral ...

We report a 26-year-old female patient who was diagnosed within 4 years with chest sarcoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and breast cancer. While her family history was unremarkable, DNA sequencing of TP53 revealed a germline de novo non-sense mutation in exon 6 p.Arg213X. One year later, she further developed a contralateral ductal carcinoma ...

p53 functions as a tumor suppressor gene and is frequently mutated and inactivated in several human cancers. Some studies have shown p53 overexpression in breast cancer to be an independent prognostic indicator. A subset of breast cancers have chromosome 17 polysomy. Although p53 immunostaining has been found to correlate with ...

Treatments for breast cancer assault the body and can disrupt the relationship between body, mind, and spirit. In this article, we discuss the ways in which yoga was experienced and understood as a healing therapy among ten female breast cancer survivors between the ages of 26 and 70 and living ...

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used as the frontline assay to determine HER2 status in invasive breast cancer patients. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of the Leica Oracle HER2 Bond IHC System (Oracle) with the current most readily accepted Dako HercepTest (HercepTest), using both commercially validated and ...

P53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor proteins in human cancers. Mutations in the TP53 gene are common features of malignant tumors and normally correlate to a more aggressive disease. In breast cancer, these gene alterations are present in approximately 20% of cases and are characteristically of missense ...

Development of chromosomal instability (CIN) and consequent phenotypic heterogeneity represent common events during breast cancer progression. Breast carcinomas harboring extensive chromosomal aberrations display a more aggressive behavior characterized by chemoresistance and the propensity to give rise to distant metastases. The tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in the maintenance ...

In this article, we report a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the salpinx (PSCCS) with immunohistochemical and molecular studies to evaluate the phenotype and define the etiopathogenesis of this neoplasm. A 77-year-old woman, 38 years postmenopausal, was admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for ascites. Her ...

Triple-negative breast cancer is defined by the lack of expression of estrogen-receptor, progesterone-receptor, and HER-2/neu. It primarily, but not exclusively, carries the basal-like molecular profile on gene expression arrays and is associated with BRCA-1 and p53 mutations. It has an aggressive behavior and predilection for visceral metastasis, therefore accounting for ...

The RNA helicase p68 is a potent co-activator of p53-dependent transcription in response to DNA damage. Previous independent studies have indicated that p68 and the Δ133p53 isoforms, which modulate the function of full-length p53, are aberrantly expressed in breast cancers. Here we identify a striking inverse association of p68 and ...

Determination of HER2 status in breast cancer has become important to identify potential candidates for anti-HER2 therapy. In this study we compared fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the determination of HER2 status in breast cancer patients referred to a tertiary care referral centre. A total of ...

The 'p53 signature' is a benign secretory cell outgrowth in the distal Fallopian tube that shares properties with ovarian serous cancer-including p53 mutations-and is a putative serous cancer precursor. We expanded the precursor definition to all secretory cell outgrowths (SCOUTs) of 30 or more cells and scored normal (N) and ...

The current study was performed to determine the impact of polysomy 17 on the interpretation of HER2 testing of invasive breast carcinomas using fluorescent in situ hybridization methods. Current American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guidelines define HER2-positive tumors as those with >6 HER2 genes per nucleus or ...

The accuracy and reliability of immunohistochemical analysis and in situ hybridization for the assessment of HER2 status remains a subject of debate. We developed a novel assay (HERmark Breast Cancer Assay, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA) that provides precise quantification of total HER2 protein expression (H2T) and HER2 homodimers ...

To investigate the role of TSER (TYMS), C677T (MTHFR), Arg72Pro (p53) and C3435T (MDR1) gene polymorphisms in breast cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Observed allelic frequencies were: TSER, (2) 0.54 and (3) 0.46; MTHFR C677T, (C) 0.59 and (T) 0.41; p53 Arg72Pro, (Arg) 0.73 and (Pro) ...

CCND1 encodes for the cyclin D1 protein involved in G1/S cell cycle transition. In breast cancer the mechanism of CCND1 amplification, relationship between cyclin D1 protein expression and the key clinical markers estrogen receptor (ER) and HER2 requires elucidation. Tissue microarrays of primary invasive breast cancer from 93 women were ...

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast is a result of genetic alterations that affect the regulation of the cell cycle check-point and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was analysis using immunohistochemical localization of mouse double minute-2 (mdm2), p16INK4a, p53, bax and bcl-2 markers in Tunisian patients with ...

High-grade endometrioid and serous carcinomas of the ovary and fallopian tube are responsible for the majority of cancer deaths and comprise a spectrum that includes early or localized (tubal intraepithelial carcinoma) and advanced (invasive or metastatic) disease. We subdivided a series of these tumors into three groups, (1) classic serous, ...

This study was aimed at determining whether high-grade endometrioid carcinomas (grade 3 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) might overlap, at least partially, non-endometrioid carcinomas (type II). To this end, a panel of clinical-pathological and immunohistochemical parameters was evaluated in three different populations: low-grade endometrioid carcinomas (LGECs; n = 57), ...

PPM1D (protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1δ) maps to the 17q23.2 amplicon and is amplified in ∼8% of breast cancers. The PPM1D gene encodes a serine threonine phosphatase, which is involved in the regulation of several tumour suppressor pathways, including the p53 pathway. Along with others, we have recently shown that PPM1D ...

The importance of HER2 status in breast cancer management has focused attention on the ability of clinical assays to correctly assign HER2 amplification status. There is no consensus as to the best method for assessing HER2 status. Disadvantages of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing include longer time required for ...

Several oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes have been shown to be implicated in the development, progression and response to therapy of invasive breast cancer. The phenotypic uniqueness (and thus the heterogeneity of clinical behavior) among patients' tumors may be traceable to the underlying variation in gene copy number of these genes. ...

LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP-1) is a nucleo-cytoplasmatic signalling protein involved in cell proliferation and migration and is upregulated in breast cancer in vitro studies have shown that LASP-1 might be regulated by prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF), p53 and/or LASP1 gene amplification. This current study analysed the prognostic significance ...

Background: Expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) is predictive for endocrine therapy response and an important prognostic factor for breast cancer. Overexpression of ERalpha can be caused by estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene amplification and was originally reported to be a frequent event associated with a significantly longer survival for ...

As HER2 status is a strong predictor of the response to trastuzumab, clinical guidelines recommend that all breast tumours are first evaluated for HER2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) followed by confirmatory testing for HER2 gene amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) for 2+ cases. Alternatively, chromogenic in situ ...

The distribution of TSER (TYMS), C677T (MTHFR), Arg72Pro (p53) and C3435T (MDR1) gene polymorphisms was investigated in 80 consecutive breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Observed allelic frequencies were: TSER, (2) 0.55 and (3) 0.45; MTHFR C677T, (C) 0.65 and (T) 0.35; p53 Arg72Pro, (Arg) 0.76 and (Pro) 0.24; ...

The paradoxical effects of ovarian hormones in both the promotion and prevention of breast cancer have been debated for over 30 years. Genetic studies have demonstrated that ovarian hormones act through NF-kappaB to stimulate proliferation and ductal elongation, whereas the p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a central role in rendering ...

HER2 gene amplification was explored using the silver stain hybridization in situ (SISH) technique in colon, prostate, lung, ovarian and breast carcinomas. Clinical pathological features and immunohistochemical (IHC) expression were evaluated for HER2 in 225 carcinomas. All cases were subjected to SISH investigation. Statistical analysis revealed an association between HER2 ...

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) has been proposed as a precursor for many pelvic high-grade serous carcinomas. Our previous analysis of the ovarian cancer genome identified several genes with oncogenic potential that are amplified and/or overexpressed in the majority of high-grade serous carcinomas. Determining whether these genes are upregulated in ...

A large proportion of breast cancers expresses the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and are dependent on estrogens for their proliferation and survival. The tumor suppressor TP53 encodes the p53 protein, an important mediator of the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of several treatments used for breast cancer. A significant proportions of ...

Amplification of 11q13 is found in approximately 15% of breast cancers. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) has been reported to be the 'driver' of this amplicon, however, multiple genes map to the smallest region of amplification of 11q13. Out of these genes, cortactin (CTTN) has been shown to be consistently overexpressed at ...