BACKGROUND: Endogenous adenosine (ADO) is cardioprotective during ischemia and its myocardial concentration increases during untreated ventricular fibrillation (VF). We have previously shown that ADO A1 receptor (ADOA1R) antagonism hastens the time-dependent decay in VF waveform morphology during the circulatory phase of cardiac arrest. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of ADOA1R ...

Septic shock continues to be one of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit today. The confluence of many factors contributes to the deterioration of patients' condition in septic shock. Increased levels of nitric oxide, in part, mediate the cardiovascular effects of septic shock. Nitric oxide is ...

OBJECTIVE: We have observed consistent hemodynamic patterns after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest. We sought to characterize the time-course of these patterns, and to determine whether these differed based on duration of the VF insult. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of data from ...

An epidemiologic evaluation of trauma-related deaths in trauma centers reveals that the majority of patients die within 6 hours from exsanguination, whereas secondary brain injuries predominate between 6 and 24 hours. Late deaths remain attributable to sepsis and pulmonary embolism,1-3 while early deaths are due in part to multiple bleeding ...

Vasopressin analogues are increasingly used for haemodynamic support of catecholamine-refractory, hyperdynamic septic shock. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and terlipressin (TP) effectively increase mean arterial pressure and reduce catecholamine requirements in this condition. However, the use of either of the drugs may be linked to relevant haemodynamic side effects, including reductions in ...

OBJECTIVE: During closed chest compression for cardiac arrest, any increase in coronary perfusion pressure accounts for a proportional increase in myocardial blood flow and therefore the resuscitability of the patient. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and hemodynamic effects of phased chest and abdominal compression-decompression ...

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess whether a beta-adrenergic blocking agent such as atenolol, administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, would improve initial resuscitation success. METHODS: Ventricular fibrillation was induced in 20 Landrace/Large White piglets, which were left untreated for 8 minutes before attempted resuscitation with precordial ...

Terlipressin, a long-acting vasopressinergic V1 agonist, is increasingly used to increase mean arterial blood pressure in the common setting of catecholamine-refractory septic shock. Traditionally, terlipressin has been used as drug of last resort and administered as intermittent high-dose bolus infusion (1-2 mg every 4 to 6 hours). Recent experimental and ...

PURPOSE: Nasal septoplasty is a surgical procedure offered to patients with chronic snoring secondary to nasal obstruction. We describe a case of cardiogenic shock following the administration of metoprolol to treat hypertension, (likely) induced by systemic absorption of topical epinephrine used during a routine nasal septoplasty. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 29-yr-old ...

Given the controversial experimental and clinical data reported in the literature, up to now it is rather difficult to draw a definitive conclusion on the effects of V1 agonists on splanchnic haemodynamics. Nevertheless, it must be underscored that most of the experimental studies assessing the effects of low dose V1 ...

Radiation hydrodynamics simulations were used to study the effect of plastic ablators in laser-driven shock experiments. The sensitivity to composition and equation of state was found to be 5%-10% in ablation pressure. As was found for metals, a laser pulse of constant irradiance gave a pressure history which decreased by ...

The effect of high pressure on sliced and vacuum packaged commercial dry-cured pork loin was determined by analysing the induced colour changes, the residual enzymatic activities of cathepsins, aminopeptidases and dipeptidilpeptidases and the changes in the content of free amino acids and also its effect on lipid oxidation, as TBARS ...

BACKGROUND: Gaining hemostatic control of vascular injuries sustained in combat using topical agents remains a challenge. We previously developed a new hemostatic agent consisting of a granular combination of a smectite mineral and a superabsorbent polymer (WoundStattrade mark; WS) which demonstrated the ability to stop high pressure bleeding. We have ...

We developed a live Escherichia coli model of acute sepsis in pigs with emphasize on biomarkers reflecting the early inflammatory response of sepsis. Healthy pigs, 25-35 kg, were challenged intravenously (IV) (n = 12) or intrapulmonary (n = 6) with live E. coli and observed for 3 and 5 h ...

BACKGROUND: Emphasis in therapy of human septic shock is shifting towards reliable end points and predictors of survival. Rationale is to study whether the evolution of cardiovascular reactivity in view of the administered doses of norepinephrine is an early predictor of in-hospital survival and to determine the optimal threshold of ...

Traumatic shock can result from one or more of the following: hypovolemia, increased capillary permeability and vasodilatation, impaired myocardial contractility or dysfunction, blood loss, and cardiovascular obstruction. Animals with traumatic injuries are less tolerant of sudden increases in hydrostatic pressure, which can exacerbate fluid leakage into damaged tissues and disrupt ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether body mass alters the effectiveness of a fixed-dose infusion of arginine vasopressin. DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review. SETTING: All intensive care units of a tertiary medical center. PATIENTS: Sixty-six mechanically ventilated patients who received a fixed-dose intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin at 0.04 U/minute as ...

RATIONALE: Septic shock may be associated with a loss in cardiovascular variability and adrenal dysfunction. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between cardiovascular autonomic modulation and adrenal function during sepsis. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-five volunteers with septic shock and six healthy volunteers were prospectively included in the study. Cardiovascular variability ...

BACKGROUND: Some hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) improve outcome in animal models of hemorrhagic shock (HS) in comparison with standard asanguinous resuscitation fluids. Nevertheless, concern about intrinsic vasoactivity, linked in part to low-molecular weight (MW) hemoglobin (Hb), has slowed HBOC development. We assessed the impact of decreasing the low-MW Hb component ...

BACKGROUND: Lipid emulsion infusion reverses cardiovascular compromise due to local anesthetic overdose in laboratory and clinical settings. The authors compared resuscitation with lipid, epinephrine, and saline control in a rat model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity to determine whether lipid provides a benefit over epinephrine. METHODS: Bupivacaine, 20 mg/kg, was infused ...

OBJECTIVE: High volume hemofiltration (HVHF) has shown potential benefits in septic animals and a few reports suggested a hemodynamic improvement in humans. However, randomized studies are still lacking. Our goal was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of HVHF in septic shock patients with acute renal failure (ARF). DESIGN AND SETTING: ...

PURPOSE: The objective of this article is to study the cumulative incidence of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in septic shock (SS) patients during the first 72 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and to determine if the presence and severity of IAH are associated with sepsis morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS ...

Closed-loop algorithms and resuscitation systems are being developed to control IV infusion rate during early resuscitation of hypovolemia. Although several different physiologic variables have been suggested as an endpoint to guide fluid therapy, blood pressure remains the most used variable for the initial assessment of hemorrhagic shock and the treatment ...

Abdominal insufflation (AI) by carbon dioxide has been shown to decrease the rate of bleeding in different swine models of abdominal organ injuries. With development of appropriate tools, AI could be used to control bleeding temporarily in the prehospital setting. Concerns have been raised about the inflammatory response to AI, ...

OBJECTIVE: Pulse contour cardiac output (PCCO) analysis is a technique for continuous cardiac output (CO) monitoring through an arterial catheter after calibration by transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD). Studies in adults show good correlation with pulmonary artery thermodilution (PATD) CO. Data are limited in children and patients with hemodynamic instability. The objective ...

BACKGROUND: Managements of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) injuries are difficult and often result in a disappointing outcome. Damage control surgery (DCS) has been approved to be an effective and reliable strategy for severe trauma victims. We aimed to build up a severe trauma-shock-hypothermia model of SMA injuries for DCS study ...

Systemic and microvascular hemodynamic responses to hemorrhagic shock resuscitation with hypertonic saline (HTS, 7.5% NaCl) followed with a small volume of plasma expander were studied in the hamster window chamber model to determine the role of plasma expander viscosity in the acute resuscitation outcome. Moderate hemorrhagic shock was induced by ...

OBJECTIVE: Many patients with septic shock and increased cardiac troponin I (cTnI) do not exhibit significant left ventricular systolic dysfunction. We hypothesized that an isolated and reversible impairment of ventricular relaxation may be associated with the increase in cTnI. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit in a ...

BACKGROUND: Direct determination of the circulating blood volume (CBV) is clinically desirable, especially when hemodynamic parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate are pharmacologically altered and may not be used with confidence for monitoring of CBV. In a rabbit model, we demonstrated that small volumes of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers ...

OBJECTIVES: To examine to what extent the type of emergency medical transportation influences the physical response of advanced life support providers. BACKGROUND: Providing external chest compression during resuscitation is physically exhausting. If the decision is made to bring the patient to a hospital undergoing resuscitation procedures, there are usually two ...

Experimental and clinical studies have shown that ventricular dilatation is associated with increased arrhythmogenesis and elevated defibrillation threshold; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that (1) stretch-activated channel (SAC) recruitment and (2) geometrical deformations in organ shape and ...

Patients with septic shock are haemodynamically unstable and suffer from vasodilation. Studying the human forearm vascular bed in patients with septic shock, we tested the hypothesis that the responses to regionally infused endothelium-(in)dependent vasodilators and vasoconstrictors are uniformly impaired. Forearm blood flow (FBF, venous occlusion plethysmography) and brachial arterial pressure ...

In this communication, we estimated the Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) on over 40 h of arterial blood pressure (ABP) recordings corresponding to 18 mechanically ventilated animal subjects. In this study, all subjects underwent a period of abrupt hemodynamic changes after an induced injury involving severe blood loss leading to hemorrhagic shock, ...

OBJECTIVES: This experimental study compared the effect of compression-to-ventilation (CV) ratios of 15:1, 15:2, and 30:2 on hemodynamics and resuscitation outcome in a canine model of a simulated, witnessed ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest. METHODS: Thirty healthy dogs, irrespective of species (mean +/- SD, 19.2 +/- 2.2 kg), were used ...

PURPOSE: We clarified the long-term effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on renal function and blood pressure, and its relation to body mass index and type of lithotriptor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients with a single radiopaque renal stone 2 cm or less in length were followed ...

BACKGROUND: The use of sedative drugs is reportedly related to altered cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity. The present study examined the comparative effects of propofol vs dexmedetomidine on cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in patients with septic shock. METHODS: A total of 20 patients with septic shock who required mechanical ventilation were included in ...

AIM: To determine the effects of noradrenaline in full-term newborns with refractory septic shock. METHODS: Newborns of >35 weeks' gestation with persistent septic shock, despite adequate fluid resuscitation and high dose of dopamine/dobutamine were eligible. In this prospective observational study, we recorded respiratory and hemodynamic parameters prior to and 3 ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the haemodynamic effects of levosimendan in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute myocardial infarction in comparison to the effects of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP). METHODS: 10 patients with intractable CS under standard therapy (including the use of PCI, inotropes, and vasopressors) received i.v. infusion of levosimendan ...

Our purpose was to test a communication tool used in a multidisciplinary setting to more effectively achieve the recommended goals for glucose, blood pressure, lipids, and prophylactic aspirin use in a Native American population with type 2 diabetes. One hundred randomly selected patients were included in this observational, pre-intervention, post-intervention ...

Hemorrhagic shock is a common cause of death in emergency rooms. The objective evaluation of hemorrhagic shock is very important for early diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study is to understand its mechanism by analyzing the changes of bio-signals in hemorrhagic shock using controlled hemorrhage of Sprague-Dawley rats. ...

The gastrointestinal tract is one of the first organs affected by hypoperfusion during hemorrhagic shock. The hemodynamics and oxygen transport variables during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation can be affected by the anesthetics used. In a model of pressure-guided hemorrhagic shock in dogs, we studied the effects of three halogenated anesthetics--halothane, ...

BACKGROUND: Newer guidelines address the importance of effective chest compressions, citing evidence that this primary intervention is usually suboptimally performed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We therefore sought a readily available option for monitoring the effectiveness of chest compressions, specifically using the electrocardiogram. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ventricular fibrillation was induced by coronary ...

Renovascular hypertension (RVH) in children is a relatively rare disease, but it is important in that it is a treatable condition when properly diagnosed. Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) with or without stenting is widely applied to adult patients with RVH. However, limited information is available as to PTRA with ...

1. Direct haemoperfusion through a network of fibres immobilizing polymyxin B (PMX-B) is used for the treatment of septic shock, but the mechanism underlying its clinical benefits remains unclear. The aims of the present study were to assess the actions of direct haemoperfusion through fibres immobilizing PMX-B (PMX-DHP) on the ...

OBJECTIVES: The cardiovascular homeostatic responses to hemorrhage are coordinated in the central nervous system. Coincidental brain injury, which is present in 64% of trauma patients, could impair these responses. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that mild to moderate traumatic brain injury alters cardiovascular reflex responses to acute hemorrhage. ...

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the efficacy of a biologic hemostatic fibrin patch (FP) to control coagulopathic bleeding and prevent death in a porcine model of severe liver injury with hemodilution and hypothermia. METHODS: Coagulopathy was produced in swine by exchanging 60% of the animals' circulating blood volume with Hextend and ...

Deltorphin E was investigated as a pharmaceutical intervention in the ischemic hemorrhagic model. To monitor the hemodynamic biomarkers mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) and to facilitate i.v. injections, rats were surgically fitted with femoral artery and vein catheters under anesthesia. After removal of 48% of total blood ...

INTRODUCTION: Preoperative hemodilution is an established practice that is applied to reduce surgical blood loss. It has been proposed that polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface decorated proteins such as PEG-conjugated human serum albumin may be used as non-oxygen-carrying plasma expanders. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is ...

Optimal vasopressor support during resuscitation should theoretically enhance aortic diastolic and coronary perfusion pressure as well as coronary and cerebral blood flow/oxygen delivery without increasing cellular oxygen demand. Intravenous vasopressor support, using 1 mg doses of epinephrine every 5 minutes in adults or vasopressin 40 IU, is recommended by American ...

BACKGROUND: Epinephrine remains the drug of choice for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The aim of the present study is to assess whether the combination of vasopressin and epinephrine, given their different mechanisms of action, provides better results than epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS: Ventricular fibrillation was induced in 22 Landrace/Large-White piglets, ...