The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) regulates sympathetic vasomotor outflow and reflexes. Intracerebroventricular neuromedin U (NMU) increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), but the central nuclei that mediate these effects are unknown. In urethane-anaesthetized, vagotomized and artificially ventilated male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) ...

INTRODUCTION: This study was performed to determine whether chronic direct renin inhibition can prevent the development of slowly progressive angiotensin (ANG) II-dependent hypertension and the associated derangements in renal function in Cyp1a1-Ren2 transgenic rats with inducible expression of the Ren2 gene. METHODS: Male Cyp1a1-Ren2 rats (n = 6) were fed ...

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of long-term miso soup drinking on salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats. METHODS: Dahl S rats were divided into four groups that consumed 1) water, 2) a 0.9% NaCl solution, 3) a 1.3% sodium NaCl solution, or 4) miso soup containing 1.3% NaCl. ...

Background and purpose.  FTY720 (Fingolimod) is a recently approved orally administered drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Phase II and III clinical trials have demonstrated that this drug modestly increases blood pressure. We have previously shown that inhibition of sphingosine kinase increases vascular tone and blood pressure in hypertensive, ...

This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Melothria maderaspatana (EAFM) leaf on electrolytes, catecholamines, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) peptide in uninephrectomized deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. Administration of DOCA-salt significantly increased the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and treatment ...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tinospora crispa has been used in folkloric medicine for the control of blood pressure. We previously found that an extract of Tinospora crispa stems decreased the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) with a transient decrease, followed by an increase in the heart rate (HR) in rats. AIM OF ...

PURPOSE: We hypothesized that: (1) intraabdominal hypertension increases pulmonary inflammatory and fibrogenic responses in acute lung injury (ALI); (2) in the presence of intraabdominal hypertension, higher tidal volume reduces lung damage in extrapulmonary ALI, but not in pulmonary ALI. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly allocated to receive Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide ...

Objective:  Hypertension is one of the important clinical problems of the diabetic cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin E on blood pressure parameters and adhesive molecule amounts in diabetic rat. Methods:  Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=8) Control(C), ...

1. Brain angiotensin II and vasopressin play important roles in the neurogenic regulation of the circulatory system, for example in cardiovascular responses to stress. Recently, it has become evident that the positive effects of statins are not limited to their lipid lowering properties, for example it has been found that statins ...

Abstract The coexistence of hypertension and diabetes results in the rapid development of nephropathy. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is claimed to control the vascular and renal functions. This study tested the hypothesis that exogenous H(2)S lowers the blood pressure and decreases the progression of nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) that ...

The effects of hesperidin, glucosyl hesperidin (G-hesperidin), a water-soluble derivative of hesperidin, and naringin on blood pressure and cerebral thrombosis were investigated using stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Hesperidin, G-hesperidin and naringin were mixed with diet and fed to the animals for 4 weeks. No effect was evident on body weight, ...

Supplementation with lupeol (0.67 g·kg(-1)) of the AIN-93M-based diet fed for 7 weeks to stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats caused significantly decreased blood pressure as compared with a control group. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was significantly lower in the lupeol group. Finally, lupeol suppressed the hepatic mRNA expression levels of the genes involved ...

BACKGROUND: Alterations in the circadian arterial pressure rhythm predict cardiovascular mortality. We examined the circadian arterial pressure rhythm and the effect of renin-angiotensin system blockade in congenic mRen2. Lewis hypertensive rats, a renin-dependent model of hypertension derived from the backcross of transgenic hypertensive [mRen-2]27 rats with Lewis normotensive ones. METHODS: ...

Oxidative stress contributes to the development of several cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes, renal insufficiency, and arterial hypertension. Animal studies have evidenced the association between higher blood pressure (BP) and increased oxidative stress, and treatment with antioxidants has been shown to reduce BP, while BP reduction due to antihypertensive drugs is ...

Background and purpose:  PPARγ agonists, glitazones, have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory actions associated to gene transcription interference. This study analyzes if chronic treatment with pioglitazone of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) alters blood pressure and vascular structure and function, and the possible mechanisms involved Experimental approach:  Mesenteric resistance arteries from SHR ...

We recently reported that neuronostatin, a novel neuropeptide, biphasically increased mean arterial pressure, first through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system followed by the release of vasopressin. In those experiments, we found that centrally administered neuronostatin increased plasma vasopressin levels only 2-3 times greater than levels observed in saline-treated ...

The present study is an attempt to leverage therapeutic benefits of curcumin in pulmonary hypertension by encapsulating it in biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles. Pulmonary hypertension is induced in experimental animals by subjecting them to chronic hypoxic conditions. The ability of curcumin encapsulated nanoparticles to manage pulmonary hypertension is measured by ...

Although the intermediary role of central neurons in the hypertensive and sympathoexcitatory actions of cyclosporine (CSA) has been recognized in previous studies including our own, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that central pathways of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) modulate the ...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is a small bulbous herb which belongs to the family Alliaceae, most commonly associated with onions and garlic. In South Africa, this herb has been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments, including fever, colds, asthma, paralysis, hypertension and stomach problems. The aim ...

Although some previous studies have reported patients who developed compartment syndrome or died because of locally applied negative pressure, no detailed investigation of pathologic changes caused by negative pressure-induced injury has been reported in the literature. The main purpose of this study was to examine the morphologic characteristics of injury ...

ObjectiveThe liver is innervated by the vagus nerve. Its efferent neurotransmitters acetylcholine (ACh) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are both well-known vasodilators. A study was undertaken to determine whether electrical vagus nerve stimulation (STIM) influences portal vein pressure.MethodsThe left vagus nerve upstream of the hepatic branch was stimulated at 5 ...

BACKGROUND: The CO(2) pneumoperitoneum, which is used for laparoscopic surgery, causes local and systemic effects in patients. Concern arises about what the pressurized anoxic environment of the CO(2) pneumoperitoneum has on intestinal healing. Earlier experimental work showed a negative correlation between intestinal healing and the applied intra-abdominal pressure. To further ...

INTRODUCTION: Pneumoperitoneum-associated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) may initiate renal dysfunction. Whether oxidants are responsible for renal structural damage, such as cell apoptosis, has not yet been evaluated. We investigated such eventuality in an isolated rat kidney model. METHODS: Thirty-five rat kidneys with their vessels and ureter were harvested and perfused within a ...

The lateral septal area (LSA) is a limbic structure involved with autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses. An inhibitory influence of the LSA on baroreflex activity has been reported. However, the local neurotransmitter involved in this modulation is still unclear. In the present study, we verified the involvement of local LSA ...

BACKGROUND: -In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) sympathetic adrenergic activity is highly elevated. Sympathetic over-activity is a compensatory mechanism at first, but might be detrimental for cardiac function at the long run. We therefore investigated whether chronic low-dose treatment with bisoprolol (a cardioselective β-blocker) has beneficial effects on cardiac function in ...

Chronic smoking and second hand tobacco smoke exposure are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease that are known to adversely alter the structural and mechanical properties of arteries. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of subchronic second hand tobacco smoke exposure on circadian blood pressure patterns, ...

Gastro-oesophageal variceal haemorrhage is one of the most dreadful complications of portal hypertension and can be controlled with vasoconstrictors. Nevertheless, sympathetic tone abnormality and vascular hyporesponsiveness in portal hypertension may impede the haemostatic effects of vasoconstrictors. Propranolol, a β-blocker binding the G-protein-coupled adrenoceptor, is a portal hypotensive agent. However, whether ...

ABSTRACT: Hemorrhage is responsible for up to 40% of trauma mortality, and of these deaths, 33% to 56% occur during the prehospital period. In an effort to translate the cardioprotective effects of Adenocaine (adenosine, lidocaine) and Mg (ALM) from cardiac surgery to resuscitation science, we examined the early resuscitative effects ...

We investigated bladder function, with special focus on initial functional changes, by objective report of decompensated bladder according to the percentage of residual urine volume to bladder capacity in awake, obstructed rats. Thirty rats were randomly subjected to sham operations (n=10) or partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO, n=20). Cystometric investigations ...

Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity. The neuropeptide catestatin (human chromogranin A(352-372)) is a peptide product of the vesicular protein chromogranin A. Studies in the periphery and in vitro studies show that catestatin blocks nicotine-stimulated catecholamine release, and interacts with β-adrenoceptors and histamine receptors. Catestatin immunoreactivity is present in ...

We investigated the effects of intra-abdominal pressure on respiratory system compliance at different PEEP levels. 20 ventilated rats underwent four pressure levels (7, 9, 11, 13mmHg) of helium pneumoperitoneum and were allocated to one of the four PEEP groups (0, 3, 6 and 9cmH(2)O). From the expiratory pressure-volume curve the ...

Hypertension is considered a low-grade inflammatory condition, and understanding the role of transcription factors in guiding this response is pertinent. A prominent transcription factor that governs inflammatory responses and has become a focal point in hypertensive research is nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). Within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a known brain ...

The subfornical organ (SFO), a sensory circumventricular organ lacking the normal blood brain barrier with well documented roles in cardiovascular regulation, has recently been identified as a potential site at which the adipokine, leptin, may act to influence central autonomic pathways. Systemic and central leptin administration has been shown to ...

BACKGROUND:: The authors previously found that 50-60 mmHg mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was an optimal target resuscitation pressure for hemorrhagic shock before bleeding was controlled in rats. However, the optimal target resuscitation pressure for hemorrhagic shock after bleeding has been controlled has not been determined. METHODS:: A model of ...

Hypertension is very prevalent in chronic kidney disease and critical for its prognosis. Sympathoexcitation and oxidative stress have been demonstrated to be involved in chronic kidney disease. We have shown previously that sympathoexcitation by brain oxidative stress mediates arterial pressure elevation in the salt-sensitive hypertension model, Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Thus, ...

The 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) model has provided many insights into the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension. However, studies using the 2K1C model often report low success rates of hypertension, with typical success rates of just 40-60%. We hypothesized that these low success rates are due to fundamental design flaws in the ...

The interactive hypotensive effect of the combination treatment of losartan (LOS) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) was assessed using a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Intravenous coadministration of these drugs showed a prolonged and enhanced time-course of the hypotensive effect. A population PK analysis revealed the delayed elimination of LOS ...

One potential mechanism contributing to the increased risk for encephalopathies in women with preeclampsia is altered cerebral vascular autoregulation resulting from impaired myogenic tone. Whether placental ischemia, a commonly proposed initiator of preeclampsia, alters cerebral vascular function is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that placental ischemia in pregnant rats ...

Obstructive sleep apnea patients experience recurrent upper airway (UA) collapse due to decreases in the UA dilator muscle activity during sleep. In contrast, activation of UA dilators reduces pharyngeal critical pressure (Pcrit, an index of pharyngeal collapsibility), suggesting an inverse relationship between pharyngeal collapsibility and dilator activity. Since most UA ...

Pathophysiological characteristics of hemorrhagic shock at high altitude are different from that at plain which involve severe injury, high mortality, difficult treatment and compromised liquid tolerance. High-altitude pulmonary/cerebral edema and multiple-organ dysfunction render the conventional treatment ineffective. Herein, we evaluated the resuscitation effects of hyperoxia solution on high-altitude hemorrhagic shock ...

Background and purpose.  The neuromodulatory effects of the gut-neuropeptide neurotensin on sympathetic vasomotor tone, central respiratory drive and adaptive reflexes in the spinal cord, are not known. Experimental approach  Neurotensin (0.5µM - 3mM) was administered into the intrathecal space at the sixth thoracic spinal cord segment in urethane anaesthetised, paralysed, ...

The complex role of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) in arterial pressure regulation has been well documented. Recently, we demonstrated that chronic low dose angiotensin II (AngII) infusion decreases arterial pressure in female rats via an AT(2)R mediated mechanism. Estrogen can differentially regulate components of the RAS and is known to influence ...

We used a self-comparison method and harmonic analysis to compare the blood pressure wave before and after the injection of antihypertensive drugs (atenolol, captopril, and losartan) in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased significantly after the intraperitoneal injection of drugs. Atenolol significantly reduced all the harmonic ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of epinephrine and levosimendan on cardiac function after rewarming from deep hypothermia. METHODS: Forty-five male Wistar rats (400-500 g) underwent cardiopulmonary bypass and were cooled to a core temperature of 13°C to 15°C within 30 minutes. After 15 minutes of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, they were ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Increase of blood pressure is accompanied by functional and morphological changes in the vascular wall. The presented study explored the effects of curcuma and black pepper compounds on increased blood pressure and remodeling of aorta in the rat model of experimental NO-deficient hypertension. METHODS: Wistar rats were administered ...

Identifying the level of overpressure required to create physiological deficits is vital to advance prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies for individuals exposed to blasts. In this study, a rodent model of primary blast neurotrauma was employed to determine the pressure at which acute neurological alterations occurred. Rats were exposed to ...

Angiotensin (ANG) II-dependent hypertension is characterized by increases in intrarenal ANG II levels, derangement in renal hemodynamics, and augmented tubular sodium reabsorptive capability. Increased nephron expression of renin-angiotensin system components, such as angiotensinogen by proximal tubule cells and renin by collecting duct principal cells, has been associated with an augmented ...

The feasibility of generating an extended period of linear release of therapeutic proteins from photo-cross-linked, biodegradable elastomer monolithic devices in vitro has been previously demonstrated. The release is driven primarily by the osmotic pressure generated upon the dissolution of the encapsulated particles within the polymer. The osmotic pressure is provided ...

Eur J Clin Invest 2011 ABSTRACT: Background  Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor used in the treatment for arterial hypertension. It can also augment nitric oxide (NO) production, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and modulation of porto-systemic collaterals. This study investigated the effects of ...

The present study was designed to investigate the antihypertensive effect of Melothria maderaspatana leaf fractions on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertensive rats and to identify compounds from the active fraction by GC-MS analysis. Administration of DOCA salt significantly increased the systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to sham-operated control rats. When ...