The past few years of research in human evolutionary genetics have provided novel insights and questions regarding how human adaptations to recent selective pressures have taken place. Here, we review the advances most relevant to understanding human evolution in response to pathogen-induced selective pressures. Key insights come from theoretical models ...

Obesity and hypertension are reported among survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, little is known about the trajectory of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure over the course of ALL therapy. In a retrospective cohort of 183 pediatric ALL patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2008, prevalence, severity, ...

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Sympathetic nervous system activation has been shown to play a major role linking obesity to the development of associated metabolic complications, such as hypertension. Recent evidence has implicated central melanocortin signalling in the regulation of blood pressure in rodents and humans. The importance of ...

Lifestyle modifications, including adoption of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern, weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese, and physical activity, are effective in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. A healthy lifestyle may also have beneficial effects on metabolic abnormalities, such as insulin resistance, ...

To investigate the feasibility of using pressure mapping for the characterisation of the seated posture of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Analysis of pressure mapping readings and video of children seated in a seating system during two assessments: The first assessment involved the pressure mapping of non-disabled children during a ...

 To assess the blood pressure of former preterm and term matched adolescent controls and to identify risk factors associated with blood pressure at 16 years.   Observational cohort study. Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Three academic centres participating in the Multicenter Indomethacin IVH Prevention Trial.   A total ...

Obesity is being increasingly implicated as an independent risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), raising the question whether reversing obesity can be utilized as a mainstay or an adjunct therapy for CKD and possibly for its prevention. The purpose of this review is to examine the ...

Hypertension in childhood is now recognized to be a common and serious problem with a prevalence of 2% to 5%. Large epidemiologic studies have established normative tables for blood pressure beginning in early childhood based on age, gender, and height. Making a diagnosis of hypertension in a child or adolescent ...

Several studies have shown that causes of adult hypertension arise in childhood, and obesity may be a potential cause or at least a mitigating factor in this development. Body mass index is a well studied obesity metric, yet other potential adiposity measures such as percent body fat and waist circumference ...

We investigated the impact of obesity on the abnormalities of systolic and diastolic regional left ventricular (LV) function in patients with or without hypertension or hypertrophy, and without heart failure. We studied 120 individuals divided into 6 groups of 20 patients (42 ± 6 years, 60 females) using standard and ...

Obesity is a biological risk factor or comorbidity that has not received much attention from scientists studying hypertension among African American men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between weight status and high blood pressure among African American men with few economic resources. The authors used ...

It has been well documented that obesity is a major risk factor for the development of the hypertensive state. The correlation between body mass index and blood pressure level is well established. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms which contribute to obesity-related hypertension remain poorly understood. In the last years, we have ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate concurrent risk factors for high blood pressure in adolescents. This is a prospective cohort study including 4,452 adolescents born in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 1993. Blood pressure was measured before and after the interview, and the mean value ...

Blood pressure examinations for health education use have been conducted at several schools in Japan. It has been reported that blood pressure is closely associated with bodyweight and height in US children. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the association between height and blood pressure in Japanese ...

We investigated the association between echocardiographic (Echo) left ventricular mass (LVM) indexed to body surface area (LVM/BSA) or height(2.7) (LVM/H(2.7)) and electrocardiographic (ECG) variables in 546 Chinese hypertensives. The study group was stratified by gender and by BMI into obese (BMI > or =28 kg/m(2)), overweight (BMI > or =24 ...

BACKGROUND: There are few studies of the prevalence of elevated blood pressure that include Iranian adolescent girls. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the blood pressure status and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) in adolescent girls attending high school in Tabriz, Iran. METHODS: A ...

A case series of 12 obese patients admitted to medical intensive care unit (ICU) due to life-threatening diseases and the influence of weight loss on cardiovascular parameters is presented. We assessed body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, pulse, and laboratory values on admission. At discharge from ICU patients ...

There is considerable evidence that mass media portrayals of body image contribute to body dissatisfaction, yet the assessment of perceived media influences has been examined fleetingly in highly populated, non-Western cultures, particularly among young males. This research examined the factor structure of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among ...

We assessed the effects of 12 months of non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapy on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, regression of target organ damage (TOD) and metabolic abnormalities in 86 children (14.1 ± 2.4 years) with primary hypertension. Twenty-four hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) decreased (130 ± 8 vs 126 ± 8, 73 ± 7 vs 70 ± 7, p = 0.0001 ...

The prevalence of obesity, including childhood obesity, is increasing worldwide. Weight gain is associated with increases in arterial pressure, and it has been estimated that 60-70% of hypertension in adults is attributable to adiposity. Centrally located body fat, associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, is a more potent determinant of ...

Primary hypertension has become increasingly common in children but remains largely understudied, underdiagnosed and undertreated. This study examines the relationship between hypertension in adolescents and various markers of obesity, serum lipid levels, fasting blood glucose (FBG), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and family history of hypertension. DESIGN/SETTINGS: A cross-sectional population-based study of ...

BACKGROUND: Asthma has been linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and related risk factors such as hypertension in adults. It is unclear whether the relationship between asthma and hypertension found among adults is also observed in adolescents. Hence, the authors examined asthma and its association with prehypertension and hypertension among adolescents ...

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of hypertension. Because the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, the prevalence of obesity hypertension is also increasing. Importantly, hypertension in obesity is commonly complicated by dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus and hence imposes a high cardiovascular disease risk. Furthermore, ...

The worldwide prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic and cardiovascular disorders has risen dramatically within the past 2 decades. Our objective is to review the mechanisms that link obesity with altered kidney function. Current evidence suggests that excess weight gain may be responsible for 65-75% of the risk for ...

Childhood hypertension has been extensively focused on in the past decades because of its increasing incidence, which is related to physicians' awareness and the increasing number of obese children. Age, gender, and body size are the main determinants of blood pressure in children. The revised childhood blood pressure tables of ...

The current study was conducted to determine the effect of adiposity on vascular distensibility in Gujarati Indian adolescents as research indicating the pathogenesis of hypertension among overweight and/or obese Indian adolescents is scant and ethnic differences exist in the pathogenesis of hypertension A cross-sectional study was conducted on 488 Gujarati ...

We studied the relationship between changes in body composition and changes in blood pressure levels. The mechanisms underlying the frequently observed progression from pre-hypertension to hypertension are poorly understood. We examined 1,145 subjects from a population-based survey at baseline in 1994/1995 and at follow-up in 2004/2005. First, we studied individuals ...

Obesity and hypertension frequently complicate renal transplantation (RTxp). The objective was to assess relations among obesity, hypertension, and glucocorticoids in pediatric RTxp recipients. A retrospective cohort study was carried out in 141 RTxp recipients, 2-21 years of age, with >or=12 months of follow-up. Body mass index Z-score (BMI-Z), systolic and ...

Obesity, especially when complicated with hypertension, is associated with structural and functional cardiac changes. Recent studies have focused on the prognostic impact of the type of left ventricular (LV) geometric remodeling. This study looked at the prevalence and clinical correlates of LV geometric patterns and their relation to cardiac function ...

The microvascular responses to endothelium-dependent vasodilators (e.g., acetylcholine), endothelium-independent vasodilators (e.g., sodium nitroprusside), and to local heating were studied (for the first time) in adolescents with essential hypertension, grouped according to their body mass index. The forearm microvascular reactivities of thirty-three hypertensive adolescents (ten lean, 13 overweight, and ten obese) ...

Low pressure treatment in flexible polyvinyl chloride containers is a potential alternative to chemical fumigants for California tree nuts. Laboratory studies investigated the effect of relative humidity and product moisture on weight loss and mortality of diapausing and nondiapausing larvae of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), exposed ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine blood pressure distribution in schoolchildren and to derive population specific reference values appropriate for age, gender and height status. DESIGN: Cross sectional observational study. SETTING: Schools in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India, during 2005-06. METHODS: Stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select the children. Blood pressure ...

To assess the feasibility of a culturally tailored behavioral intervention for improving hypertension-related health behaviors in Hispanic/Latino adults. Feasibility pilot study in a community health center and a Latino organization in Durham, North Carolina. The culturally adapted behavioral intervention consisted of six weekly group sessions incorporating motivational interviewing techniques. Goals ...

Although hypertension is a well-documented risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction and stroke, in adults, only recently has knowledge about childhood hypertension increased significantly. To determine the incidence of asymptomatic hypertension in school-age children. Children in primary school were chosen with a randomized sampling method. During measurement of ...

BACKGROUND: Considering that prehypertension is associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk, hypoadiponectinemia seems to be a predictor of hypertension. HYPOTHESIS: This study investigated whether adiponectin plasma levels are affected in Brazilian obese prehypertensives compared with those in normotensives and hypertensives. METHODS: The study involved 96 multiethnic obese subjects (mean ...

INTRODUCTION: QT prolongation and obesity are associated with ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. The relationship between uncomplicated obesity and QT interval prolongation is not clear. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of uncomplicated obesity on QT interval in young men. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A ...

Obesity is a metabolic disease that is on the increase all over the world. Up to 35% of the population in North America and 15-20% in Europe can be considered obese. Since these patients are characterised by several systemic physiopathological alterations, the perioperative management may present some problems, mainly related ...

Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked to intrauterine growth retardation and poor birth outcomes; little is known about the effects on longer-term medical outcomes, such as overweight status and hypertension in childhood. Our objective was to examine the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and BMI and blood pressure at 9 ...

Children and adolescents who have hypertension may be at risk for complications when exercise causes their blood pressure to rise even higher. The purpose of this statement is to update recommendations concerning the athletic participation of individuals with hypertension, including special populations such as those with spinal cord injuries or ...

Achieving and maintaining dry-weight appears to be an effective but forgotten strategy in controlling and maintaining normotension among hypertensive patients on hemodialysis. Qualitative review of literature to define dry-weight and its utility in achieving blood pressure control. The concept of dry-weight has evolved over time and its definition has changed. ...

To estimate the prevalence and incidence of hypertension and prehypertension and associated factors in adolescent girls. A total of 2368 girls (49% Caucasian, 51% African-American) aged 9 or 10 years enrolled in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study had blood pressure, height, and weight measured ...

Background Blood pressure is positively associated with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality, but the strength of the association declines with age, and may differ between lean and obese people. Objective To study the association of blood pressure with IHD mortality stratified by attained age (<65 and ≥65&emsp14;years) and by body ...

The objective of this study was to determine, in an adolescent population, the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the association of NAFLD and cardiovascular risk factors with carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. The authors conducted a population-based study among 642 randomly selected ...

Emerging data suggest that essential or primary hypertension occurs in the young. Parental socioeconomic status may play a role but the exact mechanisms still remain unclear. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between parental socioeconomic status and casual blood pressure in adolescents. One thousand and eight adolescents attending ...

World Hypertension Day is an initiative of the World Hypertension League. This year's theme is "Healthy weight - healthy blood pressure". According to the World Health Organization, more than one billion people worldwide are reported to be overweight and more than 300 million people are obese. Obesity is linked to ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The field of childhood hypertension has been changing rapidly since publication of the most recent consensus guidelines contained in the 2004 'Fourth Report'. RECENT FINDINGS: Several epidemiologic studies have indicated that the prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents is on the increase. A major factor behind ...

The relationship between obesity and hypertension is well established both in children and adults. The mechanisms through which obesity directly causes hypertension are still an area of research. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system has been considered to have an important function in the pathogenesis of obesity-related hypertension. The arterial-pressure ...

The links between obstructive sleep apnoea and hypertension are well established; obstructive sleep apnoea is reported in up to 30% of patients with hypertension, although it is frequently underdiagnosed. Physicians can assess the degree of sleepiness by administering the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, but the large number of patients with hypertension ...

Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction and arterial hypertension in later life. Because of their reduced birth weight twins have been used repeatedly as a natural model to investigate prenatal programming of hypertension. To reveal an early impact of lower nephron endowment on blood ...

BACKGROUND: Body Mass Index (BMI) has been described as a significant predictor of Blood Pressure (B.P) but few studies have demonstrated this association in our environment. The study aims to determine the pattern of relationship between BMI and blood pressure in our environment. METHODOLOGY: Two thousand and ninety six (2096) ...