A simple technique for recording the EKG of the posterior lymphatic hearts of the toad Bufo arenarum (Hensel) in free moving unanesthetized specimens is described. This technique permits long term chronic recordings in varied physiological and behavioral conditions whereas it overcomes some of the technical difficulties encountered in obtaining reliable ...

A cross sectional study was carried out to determine Selective Protein Index (SPI) and relate it to some clinical features that might be useful in deciding on the treatment of children with the nephrotic syndrome in four hospitals in Kampala, Uganda. Radial immunodiffusion technique in commercially prepared plates was used ...

The mechanisms of pressure and flow generation in the initial lymphatic network remain undefined in many details. Active pump mechanisms by lymph smooth muscle contraction have been demonstrated in collecting lymph ducts while passive mechanisms by periodic lymph compression in noncontractile initial lymphatics have received relative little attention. The aim ...

We tested the hypothesis that plasma oncotic pressure alone, not the plasma-to-lymph oncotic pressure difference, modulates pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration. To do this we measured lung lymph flow after raising left atrial pressure (by inflating a balloon) in sheep that were receiving a continuous (32 h) infusion of dextran 40. ...

This study examines the hypothesis that intestinal reperfusion (IR)-induced pulmonary thromboxane A2 (TxA2) release increases local microvascular permeability and induces pulmonary vasoconstriction. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 120 min of intestinal ischemia and 60 min of IR. Sham-operated animals (Sham) served as controls. After IR or Sham, the pulmonary vessels were cannulated, ...

The effect of increased fluid filtration on stopped-flow epicardial lymph pressure (P(lymph)), used as an indicator of myocardial interstitial volume, was investigated in the anesthetized open-chest dog. Histamine infusion resulted in an increased systolic peak in the P(lymph) signal together with an increase in diastolic P(lymph) in four of five ...

Wistar rats were burned over 15% of their total body surface area and suffered hemorrhagic hypotension (mean blood pressure 80 mm Hg) 72 hours after the thermal injury (burn + hypotension group). Rats in other groups were treated in the same way except sham hypotension in burn group, sham burn ...

Endothelins have potent biological effect in vivo which may, in part, be mediated by stimulation of cyclooxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid. We administered endothelins (ETs) intravenously to chronically instrumented awake sheep with and without pretreatment with meclofenamate (n = 8). 30 micrograms doses of ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 caused similar ...

High interstitial pressure limits the uptake of systemically-administered macromolecular agents. Fast infusion, which has been found to spread by convection macromolecules in the brain, was examined in a xenograft tumor system. Subcutaneous human U251 glioblastoma tumors (0.3-1.3 cm3) were infused for up to 40 minutes starting at 20 microliters/minutes while ...

We hypothesized that myocardial microvascular filtration rate (Jv) could be manipulated by varying end-diastolic myocardial interstitial hydrostatic (P(int)) pressure. Dogs under general anesthesia were instrumented with intramyocardial capsules to measure P(int) and with prenodal myocardial lymphatic trunk cannulas and superior vena caval balloon-tipped catheters to manipulate myocardial lymph flow. Because, ...

OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that (1) acute arterial hypertension increases myocardial microvascular fluid filtration and (2) the combination of acute arterial hypertension and coronary sinus pressure elevation may increase myocardial microvascular filtration sufficiently to estimate the osmotic reflection coefficient of the myocardial exchange vessels. METHODS: In nine mechanically ventilated dogs we ...

We previously reported that smoke inhalation to the right lung will result in damage to the air-insufflated left lung. In this study we confirm these findings and determine whether this injury is associated with an elevation in lung lymph flow and pulmonary microvascular permeability to protein as indexed by changes ...

Lymphatics serve to remove from the interstitium a range of materials, including plasma proteins, colloid materials, and cells. Lymph flow rates can be enhanced by periodic tissue compression or venous pressure elevation, but little is known to what degree enhancement of lymph flow affects material transport. The objective was to ...

To investigate the role played by neutrophil-derived elastase in acute lung injury, this study examined the effects of treatment of ONO-5046, a competitive, reversible, and specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor, on lung dysfunction induced by air emboli in awake sheep. Sheep were prepared with chronic lung lymph fistula. In experiment 1, ...

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary edema is a complication of critical care fluid management that may be restricted by the use of oncotically effective resuscitation fluids. Potentially beneficial oncotic properties of starch-based plasma volume expanders such as hetastarch (Het), pentafraction (Pen), and Dextran-70 (Dex) may be compromised by their broad range of molecular ...

1. The influence of postural changes on cutaneous lymphatic capillary pressure and venous pressure was measured at the dorsum of the foot in twelve healthy volunteers. Measurements were performed in the supine and sitting positions. 2. Lymphatic skin capillaries were visualized by fluorescence microlymphography with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran 150000. Subsequently ...

Six, clinically healthy horses, of mixed age and sex, were infused via a jugular venous catheter with 100 ml of pyrogenfree sterile saline (PFSS; 0.9% NaCl). Animals were infused with Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin (total dose = 50 ng/kg bwt), 24 (LPS-1) and 48 h (LPS-2) after PFSS infusion. Blood ...

BACKGROUND: This study examined whether acute ethanol (EtOH) intoxication could alter the systemic inflammatory response evoked by endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). METHODS: Anesthetized (fentanyl) and mechanically ventilated mongrel pigs were administered 20% EtOH (3 gm/kg) or its vehicle (VEH) by means of gastric lavage. After 60 minutes of equilibration, blood levels ...

The renal lymphatic system plays an important role in removing excess fluid from the kidneys. Unfortunately, the factors influencing lymphatic flow are difficult to measure. We used a simple model to represent renal lymphatics as a single pressure source (PL) pushing lymph through a single resistance (RL). In anesthetized dogs, ...

We measured thoracic duct lymph flow rate versus outflow pressure in 7 chronically catheterized adult sheep and in 6 newborn lambs and compared our results to data previously obtained from 10 fetal sheep. In fetal sheep the thoracic duct lymph flow rate was 34.5 +/- 17.2 ml/hr or 11.7 +/- ...

Mean systemic filling pressure (Psf) is an indicator of the filling state of the systemic circulation. Cardiac output (Q') is related linearly to the difference between Psf and central venous pressure (Pcv), according to: Q' = (Psf - Pcv)/Rsf, where Rsf is the flow resistance downstream from the sites where ...

We investigated the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) attenuates lymph vessel pumping. In the present experiments, isolated bovine lymphatic vessels were cannulated at each end to create inflow and outlfow ports for the administration of Krebs' solution (vehicle) or ANP and for the measurement of fluid pumped by the ...

Lung liquid conductance (Kf) is calculated as the quotient of lung lymph flow divided by net filtration pressure (Pnf), where Pnf is the balance of osmotic and hydrostatic pressures in the lung microcirculation. In protein depletion, lymph flow rises with little change in Pnf, suggesting that calculated Kf also rises. ...

We determined the relationship between flow rate and inflow pressure for intestinal lymphatic vessels in six sheep. First we anesthetized the sheep and cannulated both ends of a 6- to 10-cm-long segment of intestinal lymphatic. We allowed the sheep to recover from the anesthesia for 2-24 h. To determine the ...

In a short-time model of endotoxin-induced (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli, 120 micrograms kg-1 i.v.) hypercoagulability in rabbits, the therapeutic effects of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1I) substitution (bolus 400 U kg-1 i.v. followed by continuous infusion of 400 U kg-1 4 h-1 i.v.) were studied. When compared to endotoxin-challenged untreated animals, C1I ...

The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate whether the increased intraabdominal pressure due to gas insufflation creates intestinal ischemia leading to oxygen free radical production and bacterial translocation. A group of 88 rats were studied, 40 of which were subjected to a 15 mmHg pressure pneumoperitoneum for 60 ...

We present a novel integrative method for characterizing transport in the lymphatic capillaries in the tail of the anesthetized mouse, which is both sensitive and reproducible for quantifying uptake and flow. Interstitially injected, fluorescently labeled macromolecules were used to visualize and quantify these processes. Residence time distribution (RTD) theory was ...

Pregnancy is characterized by increases in both blood and interstitial volumes, but the mechanisms are unknown. To test the hypotheses that blood volume (BV) recovery after haemorrhage in pregnant (P) is faster than in nonpregnant (NP) rabbits, and that this can be explained by a higher capillary filtration, a 20% ...

INTRODUCTION: This study arose because a number of patients volunteered that flying had triggered, or worsened, their lymphedema. The nature of lymphedema is discussed, including the pre-lymphedematous latent-phase. In this phase the limb is clinically normal, but lymphostatic. There are many of the alterations found in clinical lymphedema involving blood ...

BACKGROUND: No study has focused on using refractometer to rapidly determine total protein ratio of edema fluid to blood concentration (TPe/TPb) and, to differentiate hydrostatic pulmonary edema (HPE) from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: The reliability of refractometer was evaluated by correlating the protein concentration measured by refractometer with ...

Endotoxin stimulates synthesis of endothelin which can cause pulmonary and systemic vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction. Prolonged endotoxemia in sheep results in dramatic increases in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances in nonsurvivors compared with survivors. Experiments were conducted in 12 conscious sheep (seven survivors, five nonsurvivors) to determine if synthesis of endothelin ...

We developed a chronic lung fistula that drains only the left lung, allowing for evaluation of injury in a single lung. To remove lymph drainage from the right lung into the caudal mediastinal lymph node, the right lower pulmonary ligament was severed. Pneumatic occluders were placed on the left pulmonary ...

To determine whether the anti-inflammatory effects of phenytoin might reduce cardiopulmonary dysfunction we studied the effects of phenytoin treatment on acute lung injury induced by smoke inhalation. Twenty-one chronically instrumented sheep were observed for 24 h after smoke inhalation injury. Myocardial contractility was evaluated by left ventricular end-systolic pressure-diameter relationship ...

Protein recovery from a bacterial lysate was accomplished using microfiltration membranes in a flat crossflow filter and in a cylindrical rotary filter. Severe membrane fouling yielded relatively low long-term permeate flux values of 10(-4)-10(-3) cm/s (where I cm/s = 3.6 x 10(4) L/m(2) - h). The permeate flux was found ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increasing left atrial pressure on noninvasive measurements of radiolabeled albumin normalized slope index (NSI). Using portable gamma scintillation detectors, we monitored radioactivities of 131I-labeled albumin and 51Cr-labeled red blood cells in the blood and over the lung of six ...

This study examined the effects of acute administration of bleomycin (BLM) on lung liquid and protein exchange in anesthetized sheep prepared with caudal mediastinal lung lymph fistulas. Six sheep received BLM (15 U IV) after a baseline period, while seven others were given BLM after a steady state was obtained ...

There is evidence of increased oxygen free radical activity after smoke inhalation with and without concomitant burn injury. We determined the effects of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) on lung fluid balance as measured by lung microvascular permeability coefficient (sigma), filtration coefficient (Kf), and lymph flow. Merino breed ewes (n ...

Recent studies have implicated various toxigenic bacteria and their toxins in the aetiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Therefore the effect of six bacterial toxins on the cardiorespiratory system of the rabbit was studied as a model for SIDS. The toxins' effect on the heart rate, arterial blood pressure, ...

The red cell microperfusion-micro-occlusion technique has been used to measure fluid filtration and reabsorption (Jv/A) at known microvascular pressures (Pc) in single mesenteric venules of anaesthetized rats. The relation between Jv/A and Pc is linear over the range of Pc from 15 to 50 cmH2O and its slope is the ...

The objective of this study was to determine whether the nitric oxide (NO) donors, spermine NO and 3-morpholinosydonimine-N-ethyl-carbamide (SIN1), alter the mucosal and microvascular responses of the feline small intestine to 6 hr of hypothermic ischemia and 2 hr of normothermic reperfusion. Intestinal mucosal permeability was monitored using the blood-to-lumen ...

Massage of the foot in men and the hindpaw in dogs was performed by applying external pressures of 70-100 mmHg for a period of one, three, five, and ten minutes with a frequency of 25 strokes per minute. This protocol was performed on individuals without edema, on dogs with experimental ...

OBJECTIVE: To find out if intramedullary nailing affects lung function and microvascular permeability whether or not the lung is already injured; if so whether a different method of fixation would diminish the effect; and are the pathogenetic changes related to mechanisms known to precipitate adult respiratory distress syndrome? DESIGN: Experimental ...

BACKGROUND: Hetastarch and pentafraction are high molecular weight starch solutions designed to augment plasma oncotic pressure. Although clinical utilization of hetastarch has been limited by reported coagulation abnormalities, pentafraction is a newer derivative that appears to have few adverse hemostatic effects. We examined the ability of pentafraction to modulate lung ...

OBJECTIVE: To study the early (first 24 hrs) effect of increasing lung exposure to smoke on the hemodynamic response to a modest body burn. DESIGN: A prospective randomized study. SETTING: Laboratory at a university medical center. SUBJECTS: Thirty-two adult yearling female sheep. INTERVENTIONS: Adult sheep (n = 32) were given ...

Increased arterial blood pressure following a pyrogenic reaction has been reported in previous studies, however the mechanism of this hypertension has not been examined in detail. The present study investigated the effects of both intravenous (IV) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli on body temperature (Tb), ...

We tested the hypothesis that increased lymph flow from the abdominal organs would increase the pressure within the thoracic duct at the thoracic duct-lung lymphatic junction. Cannulas were placed into the thoracic duct via the caudal mediastinal (lung) node efferent lymphatics in 4 sheep. After the sheep recovered from the ...

Although lymphatic washout of hyaluronan during lung hydration has been postulated to deplete lung interstitial hyaluronan content and thereby contribute to the decreased interstitial exclusion of albumin observed under these conditions, this hypothesis has not been directly tested. In anesthetized, ventilated mongrel dogs, a prenodal lung lymphatic was cannulated for ...

1. The effects on respiratory rate of obstruction of pulmonary lymph flow, reduction of plasma protein concentration and a combination of the two procedures were examined in anaesthetized rabbits. The former was achieved by raising the pressure in a pouch created from the right external jugular vein and the latter ...

The purpose of the present study was to assess the role of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil) elastase in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in sheep with lung lymph fistula. We studied the effects of ONO-5046, a specific inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, on the lung dysfunction induced by the intravenous infusion of 1 ...

To define whether capillary permeability traits at the site of a burn differ according to injury severity, a canine hind leg lymphatic was cannulated to measure macromolecular permeability in response to three different scalding solutions. Leg venous pressure was raised to approximately 40 mm Hg and maintained until a minimal ...