"Decentralized governance of biological resources has become a widely accepted standard of multilateral and bilateral aid programmes. Recent environmental and forestry legislations in many of the developing countries hosting significant biodiversity provide for the establishment of community forests. Participatory institutional arrangements at the local level are expected to be more ...

This paper examines the factors that condition farmers' choice of soil-fertility maintenance practices in a semiarid cropping system. It describes recent data on farmers' soil-fertility maintenance practices in a semiarid area (Machakos district) of Kenya. The data were collected in a random survey of 399 households during May 1997-December 1997. ...

Environmental indicators are being increasingly used to emphasise the relevance of monitoring. However, indicators must also be effective. In particular, they must be able to answer management questions, be accessible to the target audience and be sufficiently precise. Here, we use a time series of mercury levels in plaice from ...

Among the unique clinical properties of infectious mononucleosis are prolonged and often debilitating fatigue, a high incidence of spleen enlargement and fragility, and a resultant risk for spleen rupture. Sports medicine practitioners are charged both with the recognition and management of such clinical features as well as the safe and ...

Hypertrophic scars are unsightly and can cause much distress to the sufferer. Pressure garments have been the preferred conservative management option for these scars for the last three decades. This paper reviews the history, underpinning theory and use of compression therapy in the management of hypertrophic scars particularly following burn ...

This editorial reviews the evolution of the concepts of safety and quality that have been used in the traditional workplace. The traditional programs of safety are explored showing strengths and weaknesses. The concept of quality management is also viewed. Safety management and quality management principles, stages, and measurement are highlighted. ...

A minimum of 28 genera of rodents and one genus of lagomorph were recovered from the Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya, from localities dating from over 15.5 to about 4.4 Ma. The middle Miocene (sites dated between 15.8 and 15.3 Ma) rodent fauna recovered primarily from the Kipsaramon site complex, ...

Even after 30 years of experience, two questions persist about case management practice. Who needs it and does it work? Answers to these questions are neither direct nor simple. This article examines the significance of various contexts (policy, system, community, and organization) to efforts attempting to provide responses to these ...

The continuously increasing quantities of municipal and industrial wastewater discharged into the sea environment degrade the quality of the water. In this paper, the recent technologies are evaluated, and the practices recommended for the wastewater treatment in coastal urban areas are analyzed, with respect to the requirements of the EU ...

Utilization review is a way to manage healthcare costs and is widespread in Canada, as managers attempt to use available acute-care beds in a best practice manner. As we reduce beds and decrease length of stay, we often wonder if the outcomes for patients are affected, particularly if the patients ...

The wastewater management system of the Emscher region is currently being radically restructured. The receiving waters currently surviving as open sewers are to be freed of their wastewater burden and reconstituted to a state as natural as possible, while the wastewater is to be routed underground to the treatment plants. ...

The primary mode of nitrogen (N) loss from tile-drained row-cropped land is generally nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching. Although cropping, tillage, and N management practices can be altered to reduce the amount of leaching, there are limits as to how much can be done. Data are given to illustrate the potential reductions ...

The management of preterm premature rupture of membranes is one of the many controversial areas of medicine. Many of the protocols used to manage preterm premature rupture of membranes are not based on solid data. Other situations are rarely encountered, making it very difficult to arrive at a management scheme ...

Crinums are large, showy plants with umbels of lily-like flowers. They are found in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world, where, for centuries, they have been used traditionally to cure ailments and diseases. Sometimes they are prescribed for the same medicinal purpose. This would suggest that they contain a ...

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability affecting children in developed countries. Although cerebral palsy is, by definition, a 'static encephalopathy' the associated musculoskeletal pathology is progressive and current definitions are therefore somewhat inadequate. Understanding the stages of the musculoskeletal pathology is fundamental to understanding current management ...

Petroleum products are highly complex chemical mixtures consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons. Their composition varies with source and intended use of the product. Virtually all are blended products that come into contact with man in a wide range of circumstances. Their toxicity for man is generally low and the use of ...

This is a catalogue and discussion of the known dactylogyridean monogenean genera of siluriform fishes of the Old World. Of a total of 38 nominal genera, only 19 are considered valid. Seventeen of these 19 genera are currently in the Ancyrocephalidae (containing the Ancyrocephalinae and Ancylodiscoidinae), whilst the other two ...

INTRODUCTION: Detachments of Descemet's membrane (DM) occur with not uncommon frequency during cataract surgery. The figure for extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) is 2.6%, and that for phacoemulsification is 0.5%. Most detachments are small and of little visual consequence. Large detachments are rare but can lead to loss of vision. Early ...

The present communication is an account of 24 ethnomedicinal and 10 obnoxious grasses of Rajasthan. The ethnomedicinal grasses are used by forest dwellers for various ailments in their daily life. In spite of the fact that certain grasses are of high medicinal value, some grasses are also alleged to be ...

Adaptive management (AM) is the process of implementing land management activities in incremental steps and evaluating whether desired outcomes are being achieved at each step. If conditions deviate substantially from predictions, management activities are adjusted to achieve the desired outcomes. Thus, AM is a kind of monitoring, an activity that ...

People with developmental disabilities are becoming an important part of the general practice population. Although they have a similar range of medical conditions to the general population, there are some important differences in prevalence, risk factors, presentation and management of particular conditions. We use gastro-oesophageal reflux to illustrate how developmental ...

Errors and ambiguities in the nomenclature of dyes and fluorescent probes are surveyed and illustrated by case examples. The unfortunate practical consequences of such mistakes are summarized. Origins and causes of such errors are discussed. Recommendations are appended for end-users, vendors, and editors of learned journals, and those who referee ...

A telephone survey was conducted of 100 racing stables, 100 riding schools and 100 competition establishments (8,427 horses in total) to determine what management practices were being applied to horses showing stereotypic behaviour, and to determine the underlying reasons for them by assessing the perceptions and opinions of the people ...

Dysphagia is associated with many different conditions and although widespread it is frequently not recognized. People with dysphagia are at risk of developing serious complications such at malnutrition, dehydration and aspiration. Texture modification, food fortification and dietary supplements are important elements in effective nutritional management of dysphagia and can also ...

In recent years, a wide range of professions have adopted 'reflective practice' as an approach to professional development, and many professions have made it a mandatory dimension of their membership credentialling process. Despite the fact that it has been widely taken up in the professional world, there are many different ...

Physicians are in the beginning of an era in intensive care medicine in which they finally are starting to see improved outcomes in patients with AHRF. At the same time, intensivists are presented with a bewildering choice of ventilator options and adjunctive therapies. Trying to sort out which are "cosmetic," ...

This paper examines practices in second stage labour of a woman with an epidural. Common practices are compared with the current literature. Recommendations from this comparison are that practices such as directed pushing should be discouraged and pushing should be delayed until the presenting part has descended to a vaginal ...

In the framework of a genetic improvement scheme a countrywide survey of small ruminant owners was conducted in The Gambia to obtain information about the ownership pattern, reasons for keeping and especially about breeding and management practices including housing and feeding. The main results were the following: women play a ...

Concanavalin A (ConA), one of the most studied plant lectins, is formed in jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) seeds. ConA is synthesized as an inactive glycoprotein precursor proConA. Different processing events such as endoproteolytic cleavages, ligation of peptides and deglycosylation of the precursor are required to generate the different polypeptides constitutive ...

Knowledge of spasticity management for the child with cerebral palsy begins with understanding how cerebral palsy and spasticity are defined and related. The next step is learning what the treatment options are and how they can impact the child. There are many strategies for managing spasticity. This article focuses on ...

Management has a substantial effect on organizational outcome and is critical for the organization in terms of obtaining long-term goals. Therefore, the selection of successful managers is crucial to attaining organizational objectives. However, a staff technologist who functions very successfully in his or her present role may not have the ...

The assessment and management of patients with a suspected transient ischaemic attack of the brain or eye is a daily task in busy emergency departments. They are common, affecting about 50 per 100,000 population each year. Conditions which mimic a transient ischaemic attack are even more common (e.g. migraine aura, ...

Advances in technology and decreases in cost are making remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) practical and attractive for use in coastal resource management. They are also allowing researchers and managers to take a broader view of ecological patterns and processes. Landscape-level environmental indicators that can be detected ...

This article discusses the incidence and prevalence of calcium oxalate renal stones. Etiology and risk factors for all renal stone formation are reviewed. The evaluation, diagnostic procedures, and management for new and recurrent stone formation are detailed. Management includes long-term pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures for successful prevention or reduction in ...

Pollution of coastal regions of the Great Barrier Reef is dominated by runoff from the adjacent catchment. Catchment land-use is dominated by beef grazing and cropping, largely sugarcane cultivation, with relatively minor urban development. Runoff of sediment, nutrients and pesticides is increasing and for nitrogen is now four times the ...

River basin management is receiving considerable attention at present. Part of the debate, now occurring worldwide, concerns the nature of the organisations that are required to manage river basins successfully, and whether special-purpose river basin organisations (RBOs) are always necessary and in what circumstance they are likely to (i) add ...

Recent developments in therapeutic interventions for children with spasticity have complicated managerial decision making. A simplified paradigm for the pathophysiology of spasticity is presented, which emphasizes the ways in which treatment modalities disrupt hyperexcitable segmental spinal reflex arcs. Various techniques for the management of spasticity are reviewed, along with factors ...

A comparison has been made between the chaetotaxy of the gyrodactylid monogeneans Macrogyrodactylus clarii Gussev, 1961 and M. congolensis (Prudhoe, 1957) Yamaguti, 1963 from the gills and skin, respectively, of the catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) from the river Nile in Egypt. Bilaterally arranged argentophilic structures on the surface of these ...

Powerful medicinal properties have been recorded for Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger. All of these medicinal activities have been compiled with 99 references to the present status of the plant in the literature. Volatile components and the presence of trace metals are included. In addition, details of individual medicinal ...

The porphyrias are a diverse group of metabolic diseases. Major manifestations are episodic neurovisceral attacks of pain or other neurologic features, and/or dermatologic abnormalities. It is essential that a clear diagnosis be established prior to planning management. In our experience, most patients referred with a presumptive diagnosis of "porphyria" do ...

A brief discussion of the history of the use of herbal medicines from prehistoric times to the mid-twentieth century precedes an explanation of why usage of such remedies in the United States declined in the 1940s but returned to popularity in the 1980s. The provisions of the Dietary Supplement Health ...

The author devised a simple postal questionnaire which was sent to all of the UK members of the Association of Police Surgeons, requesting information about their management in police custody of alcohol dependent persons detained by the police. The questionnaire and the results are presented. The results are analysed. The ...

Clear cell adenocarcinomas arising from female urethral diverticulae are rare. The optimal management of this clinical entity is uncertain. Two cases managed by a combination of surgery and XRT (radiotherapy) are presented. The common histopathological findings and treatment options are highlighted. Individualized patient management in a multi-disciplinary setting is recommended.

Anemia in a Jehovah's Witness can be a challenging situation for the general obstetrician and gynecologist. With today's multicultural society, this issue is not as uncommon as previously thought. The following article reviews the alternatives to heterologous blood transfusion available to those patients who will not accept blood. A review ...

Birthmarks are commonly seen in neonates. Most are insignificant incidental findings and straightforward in their diagnosis and management. Others are of more serious concern and may require intervention for medical or cosmetic reasons. They may also be an indication of abnormalities in other organ systems. This chapter will focus on ...

Complaints of "excessive gas" from patients are very common but are difficult, if not impossible, for the physician to document. This review addresses the pathophysiology and management of such complaints, looking at the sources and routes of elimination, excessive eructation, bloating, and distention. In addition, common flatulence problems are summarized, ...

Vilsmeier reagents react with alpha/beta-ionones and carvone to produce aldehydes 7-11 in a one-step procedure. The indene derivative 11, which came from the double iminoalkylation of carvone and ring closure with the elimination of dimethylamine, was practically odourless, while all the others had peculiar odours which were very different from ...

The presence of reserve nitrous oxide cylinders on anaesthetic machines is not necessary and potentially hazardous, wasteful and polluting. Although reserve nitrous oxide cylinders are routinely present on the anaesthetic machines in many hospitals in the UK, it is our concern that they are not checked or maintained properly. We ...

Sales of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are rising, and will continue to rise as more products are reclassified from prescription-only status to OTC medicines (either pharmacy-only or general sales list). Patients and doctors often omit discussion of OTC medicines when giving or taking a medication history. This has serious potential for ...

Developmental anomalies of the craniocervical junction and cervical spine are relatively common in childhood and are potentially dangerous because of instability, particularly in the context of trauma. It is important that the radiologist understands and identifies these anomalies to contribute to their proper management. This article reviews the common and ...