José María Vargas (1786-1854): Venezuelan medical doctor, surgeon, optician, anatomist, chemist, botanist, professor, geologist, mineralogist, and mathematician. Second President of Venezuela (1835-1836), First republican dean, he reformed medicine studies in 1827 establishing human anatomical dissection in the Universidad Central de Venezuela where he taught human anatomy between 1827 and 1853 ...

It is frequently lamented that human factors and ergonomics knowledge does not receive the attention and consideration that it deserves. In this paper I argue that in order to change this situation human factors/ergonomics based system design needs to be positioned as a strategic task within a conceptual framework that ...

Authors studied how Claude Bernard, the first founder of experimental medicine, contributed significantly to establishment of modernism and influenced European modern culture. Authors first studied his views on modernity, comparing with Descartes and Magendie, and on the similarity between "Experimental medicine" and the European literature in the 19th century. Bernard ...

Attempts to minimize the effects of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) on conservation goals require an understanding of the mechanisms by which such conflicts are caused and sustained. This necessitates looking beyond the natural sciences to the human dimensions of wildlife management. Public dissemination of information regarding HWC occurs largely through the ...

The scenario could not have been more grim. Mrs. Carr had been fitted with a breathing tube for surgery, but the doctors were unable to wean her from the ventilator due to recurrent episodes of life-threatening infection. She could not eat because of the ventilator, so she received nutrition through ...

Over the past 50 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has interacted with numerous advisory committees. These committees include those established by NASA, the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, or through Congressional oversight. Such groups have had a relatively passive role while providing sage advice ...

Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), is called the 'King of Medicine' in Tibet and is always listed at the top of the list of 'Ayurvedic Materia Medica' because of its extraordinary power of ...

Rhabdomyosarcomas are a diverse group of malignant mesenchymal neoplasms exhibiting variable levels of differentiation toward skeletal myocytes. Neoplastic cells may resemble relatively undifferentiated myoblasts, satellite cells, or more differentiated elongated spindle cells and multicellular myotubes. In veterinary medicine, classification into subtypes and variants is based on an outdated system derived ...

Even though the small intestine occupies a major portion of the abdominal space and is essential for life, in most pathology textbooks any chapter on small intestinal diseases, especially in human beings, is typically shorter than those for other gastrointestinal organs. Clinical and experimental investigations of the small intestine in ...

Purpose of the Paper: The purpose of this study is to provide healthcare organizations with a new perspective for developing strategies to enrich their human resource capabilities and improve their performance outcomes. The focus of this study is on leveraging the synergy between organizational management strategies and environmental design interventions.Background: ...

This research has been carried out to transmit a multidisciplinary knowledge of esthetics in society and in the field of science (psychology, sociology, philosophy, medicine, art, ethics). This knowledge is necessary to ensure that esthetic doctors who deal with esthetic medicine may, through their intervention - which is not only ...

Narrative medicine seeks to improve clinical effectiveness through narrative training in reading and writing. Stories give meaning to experience and encourage communication between doctors and patients by honoring the basic human need to recognize and be recognized. Learning how to receive and tell stories, practiced through close reading, group discussion, ...

One purpose of the International Space Station (ISS) is to explore powerful new areas of biomedical science in microgravity. Recent advances in nanotechnology applied to medicine--what we now refer to as nano-medicine--and regenerative medicine have enormous untapped potential for future space and terrestrial medical applications. Novel means for drug delivery ...

We present a reconstruction of Avicenna's face from the only photograph of his skull available today. The photograph is more than 50years old, and was obtained during the exhumation of Avicenna's tomb in Hamadan for relocation. The reconstruction procedure was performed by the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification at ...

Rice and drinking water are recognized as the dominant sources of arsenic (As) for human intake, while little is known about As accumulation and speciation in Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs), which have been available for many hundreds of years for the treatment of diseases in both eastern and western cultures. ...

Medicine is a collection of science, technology and human values. Nowadays, the most modern paradigm of medicine is based on the combination of man's vulnerability and his need for healthcare, both in a technical-pharmacological sense, but more importantly, with regard to human relations. Of course, the solidarity perspective must represent ...

The Human Medicines Regulations 2012 are a major consolidation of medicines law. They largely replace the Medicines Act 1968 and some 200 further pieces of secondary legislation, including the Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Order 1997 that defined and set out the authority of non-medical prescribers.

Many 'influencers' allied to the agricultural industry support farmers to implement management changes that affect animal welfare. Developing approaches to working with farmers that achieve both engagement and subsequently management changes is critical. As an example, the generation of action points and implementation of change to control dairy cattle lameness ...

Since the 1990s, 'personalized medicine' has become a powerful language in which to imagine significant change in medicine from a 'one size fits all' model to one that tailors prediction, diagnosis and treatment to the individual. Two decades on, personalized medicine remains a contested vision of the future. Drawing on ...

Practice development (PD), as a framework for multiprofessional working, has immense potential, specifically within change management and the clinical governance agenda. It has been acknowledged as a vehicle for 'continuous improvement'. This article discusses PD through collaborative working using the example of a case study on change of practice in ...

As natural resource management agencies and conservation organizations seek guidance on responding to climate change, myriad potential actions and strategies have been proposed for increasing the long-term viability of some attributes of natural systems. Managers need practical tools for selecting among these actions and strategies to develop a tailored management ...

Since the publication of Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962, the notion of paradigms has shaped the way that philosophy views scientific discovery and how changes in what is regarded as empirical fact occur. This drew heavily on examples from the history of the natural sciences to support ...

The physiological status of energy healers during self-practice (activating the healing state without the presence of a recipient) has rarely been examined. This study assessed self practice-related changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in Reiki Masters and advanced Reconnective Healers. Measurements of heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) ...

Many new guidelines and studies of interest to the geriatric population have emerged in the areas of falls and fracture prevention, cardiovascular care, depression, and Alzheimer disease. Some of these guidelines and studies translate to immediate changes that should be made to clinical practice; others are new areas of controversy.

Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) are an important mechanism for the acquisition of land and the management of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. HCPs have become a vital means of protecting endangered and threatened species and their habitats throughout the United States, particularly on private land. ...

In this paper, we present a broad conceptualisation of major change in farm level trajectories. We argue that as a result of path dependency, major changes in farming practice primarily occur in response to 'trigger events', after which farm managers intensify their consideration of the options open to them, and ...

Ovine cutaneous myiasis ('fly strike') remains a major sheep health problem in many areas of the world. Myiasis risk is the result of a complex interaction of factors, such as fly and host abundance, host susceptibility, climate and, critically, husbandry and management strategies, all of which change seasonally in space ...

Federal land managers are faced with the task of balancing multiple uses and goals when making decisions about land use and the activities that occur on public lands. Though climate change is now well recognized by federal agencies and their local land and resource managers, it is not yet clear ...

Academic medicine's landscape is dynamically adjusting. The changes are accelerating and these alterations are impacting both the faculty workforce as a whole and individual faculty members. This article reviews workforce and institutional changes within academic medicine and supports the need for faculty members to adapt to this changing landscape. Resources ...

Sustainable management of fisheries is often compromised by management delaying implementation of regulations that reduce harvest, in order to maintain higher catches in the short-term. Decreases or increases in fish population growth rate driven by environmental change, including ecosystem and climate change, affect the harvest that can be taken sustainably. ...

For many, climate change is no longer recognized as the primary cause of cultural changes in the Near East. Instead, human landscape degradation, population growth, socioeconomic adjustments, and conflict have been proposed as the mechanisms that shaped the Neolithic Revolution. However, as Bar-Yosef noted, even if there is chronological correlation ...

Understanding gene-environment interactions that may influence disease is the cornerstone of a personalized medicine approach built on diagnostics, risk assessment/risk modification, pharmacogenetics and biology. Although genetic and personalized medicine can influence clinical decision making, currently most genetic information is based on populations of European ancestry. Additional human genome research must ...

Herbal medicines have been used clinically in Eastern Asia, and traditional Japanese herbal (Kampo) formulas are approved as ethical drugs. The Kampo formulas are mixtures of the crude extracts of several herbs, each of which contains multiple components. Numerous investigators have reported that some herbal medicines are efficacious for treating ...

Thanks to the creative effort of Prof. Trygve O. Tollefsbol (Dept. of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA) we can handle the second edition in just seven years of this must needed volume devoted to the study of the epigenome. In the very same window-time the field of epigenetics ...

Trust plays a key role not only in e-worlds and emerging pervasive computing environments, but also already for millennia in human societies. Trust management solutions that have being around now for some fifteen years were primarily developed for the above mentioned cyber environments and they are typically focused on artificial ...

This issue of Macromolecular Bioscience contains articles of the Special Series "Advanced Polymers in Stem Cell Biology & Medicine".

Microscale hydrogels find widespread applications in medicine and biology, e.g., as building blocks for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In these applications, these microgels are assembled to fabricate large complex 3D constructs. The success of this approach requires non-destructive and high throughput assembly of the microgels. Although various assembly methods ...

In 1938, the field of Transfusion Medicine began as the simpler entity - Blood Banking. It was a discipline that focused on collecting, processing, storing and distributing end stage blood cells, plasma and plasma fractions to patients. Over the years, the field progressed to include clinical patient services such as ...

The Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS) originated in Edinburgh in the 1920's by dentist Jack Copland. Since that time the scope of Transfusion Medicine has broadened significantly to accommodate advances in technologies such as cell isolation, culture and manipulation [1]. Many transfusion services, including SNBTS, now provide expertise both ...

Background Considerable amount of information about the potential of stem cell therapy in regenerative medicine is available today. Scientific meetings and publications in specialized journals enable experts in stem cell science and regenerative medicine to follow worldwide cutting-edge research. However, controversial information plaguing the media and the Internet lead patients ...

In this report, guidelines for the evaluation, medical and surgical management of renal cell carcinoma is presented. It is categorized according to the stage of the disease using the tumor node metastasis staging system, 7(th) edition. The recommendations are presented with supporting evidence level.

Some pioneers in this burgeoning field say that regenerative therapies will forever change healthcare and provide a fourfold return on investment. Hope? Or hype?

The target of the present review is to draw attention to many critically important unsolved problems in the future development of medicinal mushroom science in the twenty-first century. Special attention is paid to mushroom polysaccharides. Many, if not all, higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides in fruit bodies, cultured ...

An effective strategy for personalized medicine requires a major conceptual change in the development and application of therapeutics. In this article, we argue that further advances in this field should be made with reference to another conceptual shift, that of network pharmacology. We examine the intersection of personalized medicine and ...

We review the etiology and the management strategy of genital burns. The incidence of genital burns ranges from 2.8 to 13%. Most are part of larger injuries. Scald burns are typical for children, whereas flame and chemical burns happen more often in adults. For first and second-degree genital burns, a ...

The Parkland formula is the standard for calculating the initial intravenous fluid rate for resuscutation after thermal injury. However, it is cumbersome when used by those with modest burn training. We propose an easier method to calculate fluid requirements that can be initiated by first-line providers. Burn size is estimated ...

This study proposes a method for assessing the probability that land management interventions will lead to an improvement in the carbon sink represented by peat soils. The method is able to: combine studies of different carbon uptake and release pathways in order to assess changes on the overall carbon or ...

Reconstruction of penile skin loss resulting from various causes is a challenge for clinician. Especially in a potent man, functional and cosmetic outcomes are demanded. Conservative treatment with topical agents is not enough for the full-thickness burn although hypertrophic scar and secondary contracture usually occurs. Resurfacing of total penile full-thickness ...

Adaptive management is an iterative process of gathering new knowledge regarding a system's behavior and monitoring the ecological consequences of management actions to improve management decisions. Although the concept originated in the 1970s, it is rarely actively incorporated into ecological restoration. Bayesian networks (BNs) are emerging as efficient ecological decision-support ...

Pruritus ani is a dermatologic condition characterized by an unpleasant itching or burning sensation in the perianal region. This article briefly discusses the incidence and classification of pruritus ani followed by a more lengthy discussion of primary and secondary pruritus ani. The important points are summarized and a simple algorithm ...