In this review of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), we discuss the different aspects of physiology and pathophysiology and then the approach to diagnosis outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The last part of this review covers the management of GERD and advances in this subject with special concentration ...

This article re-examines the anticontagionist controversy in nineteenth-century France. Erwin Ackerknecht attributed the discrediting of contagion theory to political opposition to quarantines and the rise of social medicine. Later scholars argue that he exaggerated the opposition between contagionists and anticontagionists. I argue that French doctors were genuinely divided on questions ...

Although Aristotle reveals a far higher degree of empirical observation than does Plato, he is fundamentally in agreement with him that the first principles of medicine should be drawn from philosophy. Like Plato, he adopts the four element theory, but prefers a system correlating 'elements' with binary combinations of opposites. ...

The present study shows that playing a particular musical instrument influences tuning preference. Violinists (n = 7), pianists (n = 7), and nonmusicians (n = 10) were required to adjust three notes (E, A, and B) in computer-generated, eight-tone ascending and descending diatonic scales of C major. The results indicated ...

Analyses of biological concepts of disease and social conceptions of health indicate that they are structurally interdependent. This in turn suggests the need for a bridge theory of illness. The main features of such a theory are an emphasis on the logical properties of value terms, close attention to the ...

This paper introduces Gaia theory to the general reader. It provides the necessary background to follow the development of James Lovelock's thinking as he originated the Gaia theory by comparison of the atmospheres around Mars and other planets during his sojourn at NASA. Lynn Margulis' contributions to Gaia are also ...

If Freud's theory of defense and repression is true, it is proposed that the manifest content of his conscious thought (his theory) would not accurately represent his real thoughts. It would rather distort, disguise, and hide them. Freud's own special method of analysis and interpretation, which rejects the manifest meaning ...

"Useful distinctions in conceptual schemes lead to explanatory or descriptive metaphors that have a clear form. Muddles, on the other hand, are created when useful distinctions that could be drawn are not[,] or when an unnecessary distinction is drawn" (5, p. 71; italics omitted), or when when a useful distinction ...

In summary, the various aspects involved in the procurement and supply management process of this institute have been outlined. The decisions that are made in the procurement process may vary; however, the goal to provide the users with the item at the time of need never varies in any environment.

Selected aspects of sexual offending are considered against a background of general observations about sexuality in contemporary society. It is suggested that sexual offending may appear in a variety of guises, that it is more realistic to talk about management than 'cure' and that success in management is highly dependent ...

Ayurveda is a healing system widely practiced throughout South Asia. It is founded upon a set of Sanskrit texts composed two thousand years ago which describe in detail a theory of humoral balance within the body. The name Ayurveda means "that which has been seen to be true about long ...

The spastic type of cerebral palsy has become more prevalent due to improved survival rates of premature infants. Selective posterior rhizotomy is a neurosurgical procedure which is designed to reduce spasticity and has been successfully used for children with spastic cerebral palsy. Although the procedure of posterior rhizotomy is nearly ...

In the creation and operation of work environments, problem solving can be more effective with some theories or models than with others. In this article, the author describes a theory that he has found to be especially useful for his management responsibilities. The Resource Exchange Theory, he says, engenders a ...

The first article in this two-part series provided a brief history of W. Edwards Deming's influence on Japanese management and outlined the elements of his theories regarding continuous improvement of quality. This column more fully describes Deming's theories as set forth in his book Out of the Crisis (1986). It ...

The coordination of perceptive tissue management, diligent tooth preparation and prudent selection of the impression material for specific clinical conditions ensures the success of cast and ceramic restorations. The introduction of a knitted cord (Ultrapak with Astringedent) has alleviated the arduous aspects of tissue displacement and the new impression materials ...

This study commences with a review of aspects of planning which feature prominently in management theory. It describes a survey carried out in a District Health Authority during 1985/86 and outlines those aspects which emerged as important to the staff engaged in planning. It concludes with a comparison of the ...

This paper examines empathy as a practice component that is particularly significant in its relationship to self-determination in the discharge process in acute hospital settings. Empathy is also emphasized as an essential ingredient to a psychosocial assessment that leads to accurate problem formulation and preciseness in planning. Current theories on ...

The dream assumed an exceptional place in clinical practice beginning with Freud's extraordinary use of dream interpretation in his early presentations of psychoanalytic theory. Early students of analysis misconstrued this emphasis on the dream in theoretical exposition to apply to clinical practice as well. Eventually this difference was clarified, but ...

This text is the inaugural lesson given by the Professor of Aeronautic Psychiatry and starts the training period for new flight surgeons in the French Air Force. Introducing the French Air Force Medicine Training Session, the author speaks about the psychological aspects in aviation medicine. Three points of pilots' psychology ...

The paper examines the apparently widening gap between the development and application of organizational theory and the evolving dominant form of medical delivery--the multi-institutional system. It seeks to amend and extend existing theory to demonstrate its continued relevance to the training of health service managers. Special attention is given to ...

This paper analyses the relationship between the theory and practice of the art of teaching as experienced by the author during a period of teaching practice in a school of nursing. It examines such concepts as 'aims', 'objectives', 'scheme of work' and 'lesson plans' and sets these in the context ...

The contributions that the philosophy of medicine can make to both the philosophy of science and the practice of science have been obscured in recent years by an overemphasis on personalities rather than critical themes. Two themes have dominated general discussion within contemporary philosophy of science: methodological essentialism and dynamic ...

The observation of an HAV epidemic in Alzano Lombardo (Lower Valle Seriana, Bergamo) in 1984 induced to an epidemiological retrospective inquiry of previous epidemics happened in the above territory from 1968, to attain a comparative checking of epidemiological aspects. Organizative structural modifications on the overmunicipal water-cistern-management and the building of ...

Concepts from theories of motivation are used to suggest methods for improving the motivational environment of hospital pharmacy departments. Motivation--the state of being stimulated to take action to achieve a goal or to satisfy a need--comes from within individuals, but hospital pharmacy managers can facilitate motivation by structuring the work ...

Japanese management techniques have been the subject of much interest over the past few years. However, American culture does not lend itself to strict adherence to Japanese practices. Theory Z is a management philosophy that blends Japanese and American techniques and is currently being practiced in many areas of the ...

Many competing hypotheses have been advanced to account for the apparent effectiveness of Japanese management practices. The present review of some of the leading theories attempts to classify and clarify the state of knowledge of Japanese management. Although each theory may be correct as a partial explanation of Japan's success, ...

We propose a pretense theory of irony based on suggestions by Grice and Fowler. In being ironic, the theory goes, a speaker is pretending to be an injudicious person speaking to an uninitiated audience; the speaker intends the addresses of the irony to discover the pretense and thereby see his ...

As one of the most important aspects of aviation physiology, vision is a virtual sine qua non of the aviation field. A basic understanding of vision is vitally important in the field of aviation medicine. Following is a summary of some aspects of visual physiology, including visual acuity, night vision, ...

In recent years a great deal of attention has been paid to motivation and job satisfaction among hospital pharmacy practitioners. Institutional pharmacy managers should become more aware of ways in which they can motivate members of their staff. Specifically, Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory is discussed in reference to its origination, ...

Given the optical properties of prisms, using them in strabismus treatment seems logical. However, theory and practice are two different things and the published literature in the field abounds in fruitless attempts at prismotherapy. This is because one is not only dealing with optical factors but also with sensory, motor, ...

The thesis of this article is that the Dickoff, James, and Wiedenbach (1968a, 1968b) conception of a practice theory is roughly equivalent to a plan of action. This idea is contrasted with other conceptions of a prescriptive practice theory, especially the set-of-rules conception described by Jacox (1974). The set-of-rules conception ...

Universal theories do not always fit the situation in which they are used, and management practice is no exception. In fact, the difficulty in applying such behavioral science theories has been the interpretation that they are applicable to all situations. This author asks managers and academics alike to recognize that ...

Although pharmacists are developing interest in many types of pharmacy practice, they are still spending the bulk of their time in the prescription dispensing process. Any effort to provide motivation must consider the prescription dispensing process. The pharmacy literature includes only a few studies that dealt with pharmacists as people. ...

Aristotle's theory of vision has been characterized as naive, incommensurate with his theory of audition, and of historical interest only. This view is based on an analysis which fails to acknowledge the role of the concepts acting upon and active power in the theory. The meaning of these terms and ...

Lithium carbonate is commonly used in psychiatry, particularly in the management of the manic-depressive syndrome. It is also being increasingly tried in a variety of physical disorders. This essentially practical article summarizes important non-psychiatric aspects of the use of the drug, including its less common actions. Contra-indications to the use ...

Serological methods are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and epidemiological assessment of diseases. Simple, inexpensive methods for large-scale application are urgently needed. The enzyme immunoassay methods developed recently and reviewed here hold great promise for application in a wide variety of conditions. Under laboratory conditions they can ...

A review of both past and present psychiatric literature reveals that the concept of hypochondriasis is inexact and confusing. In an attempt to make hypochondriasis a meaningful and useful concept for practicing clinicans, a functional classification is presented that views hypochondriasis from four aspects--(1) as a "warning signal," (2) as ...

Data for four aspects of inpatient management-namely, variations in length of stay, the time patients spend in hospital before or after operation, and the proportion of patients operated on in surgical units-show considerable variations in certain aspects of practice by Scottish consultants. It is suggested that there may be simple ...

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2003.

Most complementary medicine is distinguished by not being supported by underlying theory accepted by Western science. However, for those who accept their validity, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities offer clues to understanding physiology and medicine more deeply. Ayurveda and vibrational medicine are stimulating new approaches to biological regulation. The ...

This is one of a series of articles on aspects of tree management and woodland ecology from ArborEcology Ltd, a UK company that provides practical advice and training to all those involved in the protection and management of forests and the forest ecology. This 6-page document outlines some of the ...

A satisfactory definition of intelligence has never been found, and as a result it means different things to different people. What it is may remain too complex for a succinct definition, but the theory and practice of information handling have clarified what it does for us: it enables us to ...

Theorists and practitioners are separated by a gap that reflects an unnatural concern with their respective tasks. As a consequence, practitioners lack theories that are grounded in the best of practice, nor do they engage in practice that is guided by the kind of prescriptive theory from which it can ...

This paper discusses the aspects to be looked at when developing codes of practice for the safer manual handling of patients. The author examines in detail the various considerations that need to be taken into account when staff and managers are drawing up a code of practice for their particular ...

Various kinds of scans were performed on 439 patients, using several types of radioactive substances. Using I(131), functioning metastases were demonstrated in 11 of 26 patients with follicular or papillary thyroid cancer; in three of these patients the results of scans were a decisive influence in attempting radioiodine therapy. Radioiron ...

Since formaldehyde, either alone or in combination with other inactivating agents, is at present used in the production of all so-called "killed" poliovirus vaccines, a thorough knowledge of the kinetics of the reaction between the chemical agent and the virus, and of the mechanisms involved, is of great practical importance. ...