Forearm nonunions are uncommon but severely disabling and challenging to treat. Multiple factors have been associated with the establishment of forearm nonunions such as fracture location and complexity, patient characteristics and surgical technique. Treatment of diaphyseal forearm nonunions differs from that of other type of diaphyseal nonunions because of the ...

Bionic prosthetic hands are rapidly evolving. An in-depth knowledge of this field of medicine is currently only required by a small number of individuals working in highly specialist units. However, with improving technology it is likely that the demand for and application of bionic hands will continue to increase and ...

One of the particular characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the wide clinical variation as regards the treatment that can be found in the same patient. This occurs with specific treatment for PD, as well as with other drug groups that can make motor function worse. For this reason, the ...

One of the particular characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the wide clinical variation as regards the treatment that can be found in the same patient. This occurs with specific treatment for PD, as well as with other drug groups that can make motor function worse. For this reason, the ...

The management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis has been a topic of considerable debate. In this article, we aim to critically review the recent literature as it pertains to surgical management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. We will explore the most recent trials looking at advancements in best medical therapy, as well ...

Diagnosis and management of posterior cruciate ligament injuries has evolved, and now the treatment often includes surgical intervention. The purpose of this paper is to define the current approach to postsurgical management after the posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, review conservative management, and discuss surgical outcomes using a specified program.

Keratoconus is an ectatic corneal dystrophy and is a leading indication for corneal transplantation surgery worldwide. The disease was first described in detail more than 150 years ago by Dr John Nottingham, but the understanding of the disease and its management have undergone significant changes over the last few decades. ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate arguments given by board-certified surgeons in Switzerland for and against a career in surgery. BACKGROUND DATA: Currently, the surgical profession in most Western countries is experiencing a labor shortage because of a declining interest in a surgical career among new graduates, a changed public opinion of medicine ...

Colonic gallstone ileus is an unusual cause of colonic obstruction. Management of these patients is not standardized and can be challenging. As these patients are often ill and frail at presentation, surgical management needs to be individualized to decrease morbidity and mortality. We report a case that was managed by ...

Forestier's disease, also known as diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), is a pathology of the vertebral bodies characterised by exuberant osteophyte formation. Symptoms range from negligible back discomfort to, less commonly, debilitating dysphagia and airway disturbances. Conservative management including analgesia, chiropractic and diet modification are common and effective treatments. However, ...

The most critical step in successful treatment of shoulder instability does not lie in surgical technique, but in accurate assessment of factors contributing to instability. Multidirectional instability (MDI) is initially treated with rehabilitation. The primary goal of rehabilitation is strengthening of the dynamic stabilizers, including the rotator cuff and scapular ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Empyema is defined as pus in the thoracic cavity due to pleural space infection and has a multifactorial underlying cause, although a majority of them are post-bacterial pneumonia caused by tuberculosis or by infection following penetrating chest injuries or surgical procedures. It is still associated with significant ...

The optimal management of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) is controversial. The controversy largely stems from the lack of well-designed clinical trials with adequate follow-up to account for the relatively long progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with LGG. Nonetheless, the literature increasingly suggests that expectant management is no ...

In this brief review, the authors will summarize recent changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, with a particular emphasis on the prognostic importance of mitotic rate and microsatellitosis, and address continuing controversial aspects of the surgical management of cutaneous melanoma.

The surgical management of thyroid disease and its indications continue to evolve. Selecting the appropriate management can often be challenging to both physician and patient. This article describes the surgical management of various thyroid pathologies. Using contemporary guidelines and clinical experience a framework for selecting appropriate surgical treatment is provided.

This paper describes the novel approach of transverse cordotomy and cuneiform cartilage amputation for the surgical management of laryngeal paralysis in a dog.

This paper explores the challenges surgical practices face in coordinating surgeries and how the electronic surgical record management (ESRM) approach to surgical coordination can solve these problems and improve efficiency. Surgical practices continue to experience costly inefficiencies when managing surgical coordination. Application software like practice management and electronic health record ...

AIM: To describe systems for capturing and optimising collective knowledge and insight in areas of complexity and uncertainty in surgical oncology, with particular reference to the Delphi process and related systems. METHODS: Internet search engines (Google, Google Scholar) and four databases (SCOPUS, PubMed, Medline and Embase) were searched to find ...

PURPOSE: This case report provides an overview of surgical procedures, including single-event multiple level surgery (SEMLS) used in the management of secondary conditions in cerebral palsy (CP). Physical therapy (PT) management over 35 months following SEMLS is described for an adolescent (Gross Motor Function Classification System level II) with CP. ...

This neuroimage describes the clinicoradiological presentation of a Type II sacrococcygeal teratoma and summarizes its pathological features, its radiological presentation and its surgical management.

Recent literature contains numerous articles on osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) associated with bisphosphonate treatment (BPT), with most advocating a conservative approach to management. A prospective study was designed to review the surgical management of cases of ONJ that did not respond to conservative management. Forty patients, referred with ONJ ...

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted a literature review regarding the clinical and radiographic diagnoses of impacted maxillary canines, as well as the interceptive treatment (including surgical and orthodontic management) used to prevent or properly treat impacted canines. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors reviewed clinical and radiographic studies, literature reviews and ...

Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy, which creates a significant workload for health-care professionals. For decades, surgical evacuation of the uterus has remained the conventional treatment of first-trimester miscarriage. Recently, non surgical treatments have been introduced with increasing popularity. This review explores the evidence in support of expectant ...

The definition of major bleeding varies between studies on surgical patients, particularly regarding the criteria for surgical wound-related bleeding. This diversity contributes to the difficulties in comparing data between trials. The Scientific and Standardization Committee (SSC), through its subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation, of the International Society on Thrombosis and ...

Pessary is a low-risk and effective non-surgical treatment option for pelvic organ prolapse. Indications for pessary include symptomatic prolapse, if surgery is not desired or recommended, and use as a diagnostic tool to predict surgical outcomes. Evidence for pessary selection and management is incomplete so trial and error, expert opinion, ...

Lateral epicondylitis is the most common condition affecting the adult elbow. It occurs in middleaged individuals and is self-limiting in most cases. Based on clinical, histologic, and imaging data, the tendinous origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is the most likely site of pathology. When conservative measures fail, surgical ...

OBJECTIVES: To describe surgical approaches to the management of head and neck cancers and discuss postoperative management and challenges in rehabilitation of patients with head and neck cancer. DATA SOURCES: Peer reviewed journals, reference books, research studies. CONCLUSION: Surgical management of tumors in the head and neck is complex and ...

Around 15% of all known pregnancies miscarry during the first trimester. Historically, first trimester miscarriage was managed surgically to remove all retained products of conception, with the aim of minimising the likelihood of blood loss and infection from retained tissue. Nowadays, medical management (use of drugs such as mifepristone and ...

Lasers have been given much hype as regards their use in surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP), especially with its modifications still remains the gold standard treatment for BPH, owing to its efficacy and proven advantages over laser prostatectomy. Cost, unproven long-term durability, steep ...

The classic definition of congenital tracheal stenosis includes the presence of complete tracheal rings with absence of the membranous portion of the trachea. The morphologic type, based on Cantrell's classification, dictates the surgical management. In this report, we describe the presentation and surgical management of a novel type of distal ...

Obstetric haemorrhage is a significant contributor to worldwide maternal morbidity and mortality. Guidelines for the management of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) involve a stepwise escalation of pharmacological and eventual surgical approaches. The method of uterine tamponade using balloons has recently been added to the armamentarium for managing PPH. There are various ...

Claude Bernard (1813-1878), the most distinguished French physiologist of the 19th century, made incomparable contributions to the world of medicine of his times and even to ours. Bernard believed in scientific determinism and created the term milieu interieur as a manner to better understand experimental medicine and to present a ...

Methylene blue (MB) is a safe, low cost, and common blue dye remaining a popular choice for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping. However, the blue-dyed SLN in deep animal tissue could be seen only after a surgical management. Here the fluorescence properties of MB were investigated using a fluorescence spectrometer ...

For over a century, surgical management of the inferior and middle turbinates has been an ongoing topic of discourse and disagreement. Treatment, either medical or surgical, of the inferior turbinate is required in cases of turbinate hypertrophy where the goals of therapy are to maximize the nasal airway, to preserve ...

Taussig-Bing anomaly is a rare congenital heart malformation that was first described in 1949 by Helen B. Taussig (1898-1986) and Richard J. Bing (1909-). Although substantial improvement has since been achieved in surgical results of the repair of the anomaly, management of the Taussig-Bing anomaly remains challenging. A history of ...

Although the term Hesselbach's triangle is used in everyday general surgical practice, little is written and known regarding the life of the early surgical pioneer for whom it is named. The present paper reviews the life of the German Franz Kaspar Hesselbach (1759--1816) and his contributions to the anatomical sciences ...

The hand is an uncommon location for Ewing's tumour of the bone. This paper details the presentation, pathology and management of an extra-osseous Ewing's sarcoma of the thumb in an adult woman. The management entailed a combination of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and surgical excision, followed by reconstruction with an interposition bone ...

De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543), by the Belgian anatomy master Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), represents one of the most advanced surgical revolutions in history. The creation of an anatomy book that carefully and systematically introduced the structure of the human body in a way that was truthful to the findings of ...

BACKGROUND: Caecal volvulus accounts for 30% of all cases of volvulus of the colon. METHODS: We recorded clinical data and accurate images of volvulus of the cecum. RESULTS: A detorsion with resection and primary anastomosis was performed. We reviewed the management and surgical strategies for cecal volvulus. CONCLUSIONS: Caecal volvulus ...

The achievements of the Hogarth Pringles, father and son, represent a remarkable story of surgical innovation; remarkable not only for the range and significance of their contributions but also because neither of them has been given appropriate recognition for their pioneering work. George Hogarth Pringle introduced antiseptic surgery to Australia. ...

Gallstone ileus representing 1-4% of all bowel obstructions cholelithiasis. Impaction of a gallstone in the human of the bowel is a surgical emergency. Relief of the obstruction is the treatment of choice, but controversy exists regarding the repair of the fistula and cholecystectomy. Our experience in the management of gallstone ...

This paper reports on the conservative non-surgical endodontic management of an upper right lateral incisor diagnosed with infected dens invaginatus (Oehlers' type III) and associated acute apical abscess, while maintaining vitality of the surrounding pulp. The use of contemporary endodontic techniques in the diagnosis, treatment planning and management of the ...

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction at any level from the small hepatic veins to the atriocaval junction. BCS is a complex disease with a wide spectrum of aetiologies and presentations. This article reviews the current literature with respect to presentation, management and prognosis of the ...

Throat packs are commonly placed in the patient's pharynx before oral surgical procedures under general anaesthesia. The pack is thought to protect the airways from aspiration of surgical debris, but if it is retained after extubation it can obstruct the airway. Adverse incidents after retention of throat packs have been ...

This paper reports the first case in which an intracranial dermoid cyst that underwent traumatic rupture was treated surgically and discusses the importance of the preoperative radiological identification and management of the rupture. For adequate management of a ruptured intracranial dermoid cyst, in addition to early surgery, we emphasize the ...

The cognitive demands of endoscopic surgery are amplified when rotations of the displayed surgical field cause discrepancies between intended and actual movements. While Visuo-Motor Misalignment (VMM) often impairs surgical technical performance, motor learning literature has demonstrated adaptation acquisition with practice. It is unknown whether these findings can be generalized to ...

We hypothesized that simulation based practice will results in skill improvement on trocar insertion task. Novices, junior trainees and surgeons inserted a trocar into a simulated abdomen. The depth of penetration (plunge) was the similar for novice and junior trainees (p=.98), and exceeded that observed for practicing surgeons (p<.05). Trocar ...

Sinonasal papillomas are classically categorized by their histology. Inverted, cylindrical, and fungiform are the three subtypes used to describe these lesions, and their medical and surgical management is often based on the specific subtype. We describe a case of a sinonasal papilloma with all three subtypes represented within the same ...

Necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe disease characterized by gland necrosis and a destructive systemic inflammatory response. Early management involves aggressive resuscitative and supportive measures. Outcomes are primarily determined by the presence of late secondary bacterial infection of the necrotic gland. Early empiric antibiotics and late surgical necrosectomy in the appropriate ...

The magic world of the sensational Spanish novel The Shadow of the Wind serves as an excellent background to indicate the importance of forgotten surgical books by surgeons-in-the making or surgeons-in-practice. Why would this book be helpful to surgeons, when it mainly refers to a 10-year-old Daniel, who had been ...