This article provides a basic introduction to constipation and stool withholding. Anatomy and physiology, psychology and the various treatment options, including fluid, fibre and laxatives, are covered.

There is little to no empirical data available on how data and safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) are structured and how they operate. The purpose of this study was to provide data on this. To accomplish this goal, we administered a random survey on current structure and management practices and opinions ...

Female genital mutilation (FGM) has become more common in the United States with increased immigration to the United States of individuals from areas where the practice is endemic. Although the root causes of FGM may be multiple, the practice is banned in the United States on all women under age ...

In contrast to the generally encouraging trend regarding global maternal mortality, there has been an apparent increase in the maternal mortality ratio in the United States. Although maternal death remains a relatively rare adverse event in this country, programs to reduce maternal mortality also will result in a reduction in ...

Past forest management practices, fire suppression, and climate change are increasing the need to actively manage California Sierra Nevada forests for multiple environmental amenities. Here we present a relatively low-cost, repeatable method for spatially parsing the landscape to help the U.S. Forest Service manage for different forest and fuel conditions ...

Objective.?To determine how United States Maternal?Fetal medicine specialists recommend delivery of a breech fetus at the threshold of viability. Methods.?U.S. Society for Maternal?Fetal Medicine (SMFM) members were surveyed about; geographic location, practice type, whether they performed deliveries, definition of threshold for viability, recommendations for delivery of a breech fetus at ...

Although interest in the art of dissection and vivisection has waxed and waned throughout the ages, the past century has seen it accepted as commonplace in medical schools across the country. No other practice in medicine has contributed more to the understanding of neuroanatomy and the neurosciences as dissection of ...

Landscape management grass is generally harvested late, resulting in unfavorable composition for many utilization purposes. This study explores various technical concepts of biogas production and their economic viability. The Lower Oder Valley National Park is taken here as an example. This National Park in North-East Germany comprises large grassland areas ...

White-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica L.) exposure to environmentally accessible lead is a management concern. Detectable concentrations of lead were found in 142 (66%) of 214 white-winged doves collected in 2002 and 2003 at two wildlife management units in South Texas. Mean +/- SD lead concentration was 0.70 +/- 1.10 microg/g ...

In 2004, we examined the number of endowed faculty positions (both chair and professorship) in Academic Departments of Emergency Medicine (ADEMs) in the United States (US). To survey ADEMs in the United States concerning their number of endowed faculty positions and compare the results to the 2004 study. A survey ...

To slow the resistance evolution of the European corn borer (ECB) to Cry proteins expressed in transgenic Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) corn, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has adopted an insect resistance management (IRM) plan that relies on a "high dose/refuge" strategy. However, this IRM plan does not consider ...

GOALS: This descriptive survey aims to explore strategies for the prevention and management of violence and aggression in renal units in 12 European countries. METHOD: The convenience sample consisting of dialysis, nephrological and transplantation units in European countries was used. A questionnaire, developed with the collaboration of National Associations, was ...

Although several risk factors associated with complications after renal biopsy (RB) have been identified, the gold standard for RB procedures remains to be defined. Practices vary widely among nephrologists, depending on personal experience and the availability of particular techniques. The purpose of our study was to depict the main aspects ...

BACKGROUND: Acute otitis media (AOM) is the main reason for physician visits and antibiotic prescriptions in children. Pediatricians (Peds) are gatekeepers for services and sources of information for families. The 2004 American Academy of Pediatrics/American Academy of Family Physicians (AAP/AAFP) Clinical Practice Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media ...

BACKGROUND: Haemolytic jaundice is an important entity in neonatal clinical practice. Because of the decrease in rhesus isoimmunisation since the advent of anti-D immunoglobulin and improved antenatal management strategies, its management in the neonatal period has become less intensive and exchange transfusions rarely performed. AIM: We planned to review the ...

Parks are cornerstones of conservation; and non-native invasive species drive extensive changes to biological diversity in parks. Knowing this, national park staff at Lake Mead National Recreation Area in the southwestern United States had a program in place for early detection of the non-native, invasive quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). ...

BACKGROUND: In previous articles by this author and his colleagues in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, it has been shown that physical reality consists of two uniquely different categories of substance, one being electric charge-based while the other appears to be magnetic charge-based. Normally, only the electric atom/molecule ...

This lecture updates pediatric surgeons on the state of the science of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

This article presents insights into the use of electronic health records (EHRs) by small physician practices participating in a CMS pay-for-performance demonstration. Site visits to four States reveal slow movement toward improved EHR use. Factors facilitating use of EHRs include customization of EHR products and being owned by a larger ...

We aimed to describe prevailing attitudes and practices of rheumatologists in the United States toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments. We wanted to determine whether rheumatologists' perceptions of the efficacy of CAM therapies and their willingness to recommend them relate to their demographic characteristics, geographic location, or clinical practices. ...

Yoga techniques practiced for varying durations have been shown to reduce state anxiety. In this study, there were 300 naive-to-yoga persons of both sexes who were attending a yoga therapy center in north India for stress relief as day visitors and were not residing at the center. They were assigned ...

The aim of this study was to determine whether the foundation programme for junior doctors, implemented across the United Kingdom in 2005, provides adequate training in musculoskeletal medicine. We recruited 112 doctors on completion of their foundation programme and assessed them using the Freedman and Bernstein musculoskeletal examination tool. Only ...

Managed forests are a primary land use within the Coastal Plain of the southern United States. These forests are generally managed under standards, guidelines, or regulations to conserve ecosystem functions and services. Economic value of commercial forests provides incentives for landowners to maintain forests rather than convert them to other ...

The U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation each conducted respective assessments of all radiation sources in the United States and worldwide. The goal of this article is to summarize and combine the results of these two publicly available ...

We conducted a seroepidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in goat herds in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Serum samples were collected from goats (n=676) from 108 rural properties in 2001, covering most of the sub-regions of this ca. 586,500 square kilometer state. Antibodies against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ...

OBJECTIVES: To study the functioning of District Programme Management Units in the delivery of health services in various districts of Madhya Pradesh. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in seven districts of Madhya Pradesh selected randomly. The study subjects were Chief Medical and Health Officers, programme managers, assistant managers ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine which states in the United States have provisions in place for pharmacist participation in drug and disease management programs and/or collaborative practice agreements and to provide comparison and discussion regarding such provisions. A secondary endpoint was the requirements of certification, credentialing, and registration with the specific state's ...

The aim of this research project was to compare how the management of toothwear differs between specialist prosthodontists in the United Kingdom and other countries' specialist prosthodontists. A questionnaire on the management of toothwear was sent to two groups of 100 specialist prosthodontists randomly selected in the United Kingdom and ...

SETTING: States of Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, and Chennai (capital of Tamil Nadu State), India. OBJECTIVE: To assess the availability, price and affordability of beclomethasone and salbutamol inhalers in five Indian states using a standardised methodology. DESIGN: Data on the availability and price of two essential medicines for asthma, ...

Cannabis (marijuana) has been used for medicinal purposes for millennia, said to be first noted by the Chinese in c. 2737 BCE. Medicinal cannabis arrived in the United States much later, burdened with a remarkably checkered, yet colorful, history. Despite early robust use, after the advent of opioids and aspirin, ...

We sought to determine the current practices of neonatologists in their management of extremely low-birth-weight (< 1000 g) infants. We directly mailed an anonymous survey to the medical directors of 809 neonatal intensive care units in the United States. More than one-third of those surveyed responded, with a substantial majority ...

The potential for both positive and negative effects arising from direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines challenges health policymakers to develop regulatory schemes which selectively capture the positive aspects of the practice. Australia has dealt with this quandary by banning the practice, while New Zealand and the United States permit it. ...

An unintended consequence of the New York psychology Scope of Practice legislation led to a restriction in the use of testing technicians that has yet to be reversed after 4 years. The misperception of neuropsychology by state legislators and psychology colleagues was a key obstacle to achieving a timely solution. ...

In Turkey, the understanding of planning focused on timber production has given its place on Multiple Use Management (MUM). Because the whole infrastructure of forestry with inventory system leading the way depends on timber production, some cases of bottle neck are expected during the transition period. Database design, probably the ...

Regulation of the interstate practice of medicine represents a challenge to state medical boards. Although laws prohibiting the unlicensed practice of medicine were originally enacted to protect the public from unqualified practitioners, they could be invoked in a whole host of common clinical situations such as calling in prescriptions to ...

Bioethics is a relatively new endeavor, emerging as a discourse distinct from considerations of moral responsibility occurring within the professions of medicine and science. We use the 'de-centered comparative method' to examine how the emergence and development of bioethics varies across different social and cultural settings. In particular, we look ...

This paper aims to focus on the management capacity assessment of the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program at the state level. Based on an extensive literature survey, and discussions with senior officers in charge of RCH program at the central and state level, the authors have developed a conceptual ...

BACKGROUND: The dosing regimen and indications for many medicines in current use in neonatology are not well defined. There is a need to prioritise research in this area, but currently there is little information about which drugs are used in UK neonatal units and the research needs in this area ...

BACKGROUND: Giardia duodenalis is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite that has emerged as a significant opportunistic human pathogen. G. duodenalis may have a deleterious effect on animal growth and performance, therefore its potential as a production limiting organism should not be discounted. We therefore undertook this study to determine management and ...

The current healthcare system in the United States is unsustainable, but any attempts at improvement must be carefully managed to avoid weakening the country's contribution to biomedical science research and the future of genome medicine.

From the point of view of genome medicine, Barack Obama has made two vital policy decisions: he has chosen a new director of the National Institutes of Health, and his proposed change in United States healthcare policy will have profound effects on genome medicine and, indeed, all of academic medicine.

BACKGROUND: The 2007 Cochrane review of therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy (NE) indicates a significant reduction in adverse outcome. UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines are awaited. OBJECTIVE: To benchmark current opinion and practice to inform future strategies for optimal knowledge transfer for therapeutic hypothermia. METHODS: A web based ...

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate what predisposing, enabling, and need factors are related to the purchase of medicines from "tiendas" and other countries and (2) to describe who Latinos typically receive medication information from in the United States and their home countries. In the United ...

We investigate the possibility to multiplexing (Mux) and demultiplexing (de-Mux) numerically digital holograms (DHs) with the aim of optimizing their storage and/or transmission process. The DHs are multiplexed and demultiplexed thanks to the unique property of the digital holography to numerically manage the complex wavefields. We show that it is ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the compliance of donor and surrogacy agencies to American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) guidelines and assess regional differences in agency, donor, and surrogacy fees in the United States. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed of websites from agencies that have signed an agreement with the Society ...

Medical malpractice with its associated costs, including insurance premiums, impact on practice, consequences for career and insurability, and emotional toll, is a reality of practicing medicine in the United States. Understanding the types of claims that may be asserted, the issues to consider when securing insurance coverage, how to manage ...

The management of the columnar-lined oesophagus (CLO) has remained controversial for the last 10 years, with practices varying between individual physicians and centres throughout the United Kingdom. Various guidelines exist, although international consensus over issues such as the recognition of short-segment disease and surveillance policies for uncomplicated and dysplastic disease ...

One of the more controversial elements of advancing technology is the use of race and genetics to help create more specific types of medicines that will help combat diseases and conditions that appear to be more prevalent within certain races or ethnic groups than in others. Considering the history of ...

BACKGROUND: Currently, little information is available regarding who is using sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in the United States, what product they may be using, how they are dosing that product, and what perceived effect it may be having on patients. OBJECTIVE: To gather information regarding the perception and use of SLIT ...

No level of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is safe. Breathing SHS can cause heart disease and lung cancer in nonsmoking adults and increases the risk for sudden infant death syndrome, acute respiratory infections, middle-ear disease, and exacerbation of asthma in children. In the United States, exposure to SHS declined ...