Astaxanthin at 0.01 or 0.05% of the diet was supplied to diabetic rats for 12 wk. Astaxanthin intake significantly increased its deposit in plasma, and retained glutathione content, reduced the production of reactive oxygen species, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in blood and kidney of diabetic ...

BACKGROUND: It is well established that smooth muscle contractility is regulated by an elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) via myosin light chain phosphorylation, which is activated by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Recently, MLCK has been demonstrated to play an important role in smooth muscle contraction and normal gastrointestinal motility. AIMS: ...

Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that diabetic individuals present more depressive behaviors than non-diabetic individuals. Taurine, one of the most abundant free amino acids in the central nervous system, modulates a variety of biological functions and acts as an agonist at GABA(A) receptors. Our objective was to assess the ...

Adeno-associated virus vector plasmid carrying the expression cassette of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), pAAV-BDNF, was constructed and packaged into recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV-BDNF). The rAAV-BDNF was intravitreally injected into streptzotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) Rats. Data showed that over-expression of BDNF could increase alive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) number and ...

Our previous studies showed that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats have increased estradiol and decreased testosterone levels that correlate with renal injury. We further showed that either supplementing dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or inhibiting estradiol biosynthesis in these diabetic rats was only partially renoprotective. The aim of this study was to test ...

The aim of this study was to examine the antidiabetic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Rutaceae) bark in a diabetic rat model. Dose dependent effects of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos bark (AM) (200 and 400mg/kg) on blood glucose, plasma insulin, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total protein, hepatic glycogen, marker ...

BACKGROUND: An increase in cardiac M2-muscarinic receptor (M2-mAChR) expression in diabetic rats has been observed, but the molecular mechanism of this increase remains unclear. The transcriptional activity of GATA binding protein 4 (GATA-4) has been documented to regulate the expression of M2-mAChR genes. In this study, we were interested in ...

AIM: Periodontal disease is highly prevalent and severe in diabetic patients, and is considered one of the diabetic complications. To elucidate how periodontitis progresses in diabetes, we examined an animal model of periodontitis in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two weeks after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin, surgical nylon ...

Agmatine, a polycationic amine synthesized via decarboxylation of l-arginine by arginine decarboxylase is reported to exhibit anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant and memory enhancing effects. Therefore, we tested its influence against cognitive dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using Morris water maze and object recognition paradigm. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels as parameters of ...

Purpose:Cornea confocal microscopy is emerging as a clinical tool to evaluate the development and progression of diabetic neuropathy. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the changes in corneal sensitivity and innervation in a rat model of type 2 diabetes in relation to standard peripheral neuropathy endpoints. Assessment of ...

Recent epidemiological studies have associated type 2 diabetes mellitus with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). A dramatic decrease in glucose utilisation has been observed in the brains of AD patients, and this decrease has led to the hypothesis that the cognitive dysfunction in AD is associated with ...

Electrical stimulation at acupuncture points (acupoints) has been investigated for its utility in lowering blood glucose in hyperglycemic humans and animal models. Only two studies were found using electroacupuncture in human subjects, and in both of these, the participants were normal (nondiabetic) and electrical stimulation was carried out at several ...

We investigated the possible protective effect of atorvastatin against vascular dysfunction associated with insulin resistance (IR) in fructose-fed model rats. The effect of atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) on vascular reactivity, glucose, cholesterol, insulin, and the IR index in a well-established model of dietary hypertriglyceridemia, the fructose-fed rat, was ...

This study investigated the effect of Icariin (ICA) supplementation on diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model system. Fifty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly distributed into a control group and a streptozotocin-induced diabetes group. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups; one group received ICA 5 mg/kg/day ...

: We discuss if percutaneous electrical stimulation (ES) at 1 mA and 2 Hz after peripheral nerve transection could enhance axonal regeneration and functional recovery in diabetic animals. METHODS:: Four groups of adult rats (group A: normal rats; group B: normal rats with ES; group C: streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats; ...

BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery achieves high remission rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese diabetic patients. It has been hypothesized that the changes in bowel nutrient exposure after RYGB results in altered release of gut hormones and improved glucose homeostasis. Our objective was to assess the feasibility ...

Evaluation of: Tovy A, Hertz R, Siman-Tov R et al. Glucose starvation boosts Entamoeba histolytica virulence. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5(8), e1247 (2011). Intestinal parasites of the large intestine interact with bacteria and cell debris, and potentially with intestinal epithelium. Entamoeba histolytica lives in the colon and because of unknown ...

Oral administration of selenium is an effective treatment for diabetes in animal models. However, selenium exerts these effects at high doses and several toxic effects are produced. Low doses of selenium are relatively safe but are unable to elicit any antidiabetic effect. The present study explored the prospect of using ...

To clarify the physiological role of Na(+)-d-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in small intestine and kidney, Sglt1(-/-) mice were generated and characterized phenotypically. After gavage of d-glucose, small intestinal glucose absorption across the brush-border membrane (BBM) via SGLT1 and GLUT2 were analyzed. Glucose-induced secretion of insulinotropic hormone (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global public health problem often associated with obesity. Bariatric surgery is effective for treating serious obesity, and techniques involving intestinal bypass have metabolic benefits, such as complete and early remission of T2DM. We present a literature review of the possible mechanisms of early ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gastrointestinal disorders and symptoms are common in diabetic patients. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) have been proposed as an important pathological mechanism underlying diabetic complications, such as diabetic cardiopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, etc. The aims were to study the distribution of AGE and RAGE in ...

The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal dysmotility in diabetic patients remain poorly understood, although enteric neuropathy, damage to interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and smooth muscle cell injury are believed to play a role. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological and functional changes underlying intestinal dysmotility in ...

Objective: The present study was to investigate the effects of Murraya koenigii leaf (MKL), an Indian herb, on glucose homeostasis, intestinal transit time, response to exogenous acetylcholine of smooth muscles of distal colon, and intestinal thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Male adult Wistar ...

Abstract Background: Diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, and abdominal pain are common complaints in type 2 diabetes patients. Impaired intestinal motility is often followed by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Therefore, this study was planned to determine the incidence of SIBO and its relation with orocecal transit time (OCTT) in type 2 ...

Transepithelial transport of dietary d-glucose and d-fructose was examined in the lobster Homarus americanus intestine using d-[(3)H]glucose and d-[(3)H]fructose. Lobster intestines were mounted in a perfusion chamber to determine transepithelial mucosal to serosal (MS) and serosal to mucosal (SM) transport mechanisms of glucose and fructose. Both MS glucose and fructose ...

Schistosomes are blood-dwelling flukes which are highly dependent on the host metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate possible relationship between streptozotocin-induced diabetes and the outcome of acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Male and female SW mice were treated by a single intraperitoneally injected dose of streptozotocin (180mg/kg). Seven ...

During diabetes, structural and functional changes in the alimentary tract are known to take place resulting in an increased absorption of intestinal glucose and alterations in the activities of brush-border disaccharidases. To elucidate the effect of administrating polysaccharide from Gynura divaricata (PGD) on disaccharidase activities, the specific activities of intestinal ...

Anderson BJ, McKay SV. Barriers to glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

The effect of nanoparticulate delivery system on enhancing insulin permeation through intestinal membrane was evaluated in different intestinal epithelial models using cell cultures and excised intestinal tissues. Multilayered nanoparticles were formulated by encapsulating insulin within a core consisting of alginate and dextran sulfate nucleating around calcium and binding to poloxamer, ...

New classes of treatments for type 2 diabetes have been developed recently and are now available in the UK. This review aims to summarise key clinical efficacy, tolerability and safety data for these agents, including liraglutide, which has received preliminary review by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and ...

Background:  Convincing evidence indicates that the consumption of inulin-type fructans, inulin, and oligofructose has beneficial effects on blood glucose changes in animal models, although data in humans have been considered equivocal. As such, a systematic review of available literature on humans was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary inulin-type ...

INTRODUCTION:: Although enteral nutrition is standard care for critically ill patients, nutrient absorption has not been quantified in this group and may be impaired due to intestinal dysmotility. The objectives of this study were to measure small intestinal glucose absorption and duodenocecal transit and determine their relationship with glycemia in ...

Postprandial hypotension is an important disorder for which current management is suboptimal. In healthy older subjects, oral and small-intestinal glucose administration decreases blood pressure (BP), and the magnitude of the reduction is dependent on the rate of glucose entry into the small intestine and, possibly, the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 ...

Wodrich DL, Hasan K, Parent KB. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and school: a review.

Strong associations of diabetes with sleep impairment have been frequently reported. In the present review, we discuss current evidence and hypotheses for how type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with sleep impairment. This association may be described as a vicious circle, where sleep disorders favor the development ...

Gastrointestinal dysmotility presenting as nausea, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea, constipation or abdominal pain is seen in diabetic patients. Oxidative stress has recently been recognized as a significant player in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal complications of diabetes. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, a team of investigators from Emory University led ...

Background and Aim:  There is scanty data on the occurrence of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in South Asia. Our aim was to study the prevalence and clinical profile of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care referral centre in ...

Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of atherothrombosis and venous thromboembolism (VTE). We investigated whether plasma from patients with type 2 diabetes has an imbalance of pro- versus anti-coagulation resulting in hypercoagulability despite normal conventional coagulation tests. We analyzed blood samples from 60 patients with type 2 diabetes ...

Type 2 diabetes in youth was almost unheard of only two decades ago. However, tracking the recent dramatic rise in childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes has become increasingly prevalent. Thus, there is an urgent need for high-quality clinical trials to increase in-depth knowledge about pathophysiology, optimal treatment, and prevention. We ...

Digestive disorders (diarrhoea, vomiting) represent the most common metformin side-effects (around 30%) with this first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes. In healthy individuals, metformin affects glucose, vitamin B12 and the digestive uptake of bile salts. In the colon, it acts locally by modifying glucose cell metabolism. Different pathophysiological hypotheses ...

Diabetes mellitus may affect the gastrointestinal tract possibly as a result of autonomic neuropathy. Here we present a 68-year-old male with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who presented with prolonged watery diarrhea and in whom imaging studies demonstrated ischemic colitis of the left colon. Resection of the affected colon resulted in sustained ...

Daily variations in lipid concentrations in both gut lumen and blood are detected by specific sensors located in the gastrointestinal tract and in specialized central areas. Deregulation of the lipid sensors could be partly involved in the dysfunction of glucose homeostasis. The study aimed at comparing the effect of Medialipid ...

Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations of insulin allergy and explain a systematic management approach.Methods: We present the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings of a type 1 diabetic patient with allergy to subcutaneous insulin and briefly review the related literature.Results: An 18-year old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus had ...

Background and Aims. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Giardiasis in patients with dyspepsia and patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods. 400 patients and 100 healthy persons were included in this clinical prospective study. The number of patients in each group was equal, 200 dyspeptic and 200 diabetic, respectively. The ...

Childhood obesity is becoming more prevalent; however, the influence of obesity or dieting during childhood on outcomes in adulthood is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of short-term calorie restriction (CR) and high-calorie feeding with high-fat or high-sucrose diets during early life on the ...

Flickering light dilates retinal arterioles and increases retinal blood flow, a response termed functional hyperemia. This response is diminished in diabetic patients even before the appearance of overt clinical retinopathy. The loss of functional hyperemia could deprive retinal neurons of oxygen and nutrients, possibly exacerbating the development of diabetic retinopathy. ...

Disorders of gastrointestinal motility have been associated with Diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycaemia particularly has been reported to inhibit gastrointestinal transit time while glibenclamide, a sulphonylurea and insulin, both increased transit time. Musa sapientum has also been reported as an antidiabetic agent but there is dearth of information on the effect of ...

This study was designed to investigate the hypoglycaemic and anti-oxidant effects of Zingiber officinale on experimentally induced diabetes mellitus using alloxan and insulin resistance. Aqueous extracts of raw ginger was administered orally at a chosen dose of 500mg/ml for a period of 4 weeks to alloxan-induced diabetic and insulin resistant ...

We retrospectively studied whether treatment with esomeprazole improved HbA(1c) levels in type 2 diabetic patients. We selected 21 patients who had been treated with esomeprazole for 11±3 months and 21 controls. HbA(1c) levels decreased in the esomeprazole-treated group. Our data indicate that proton pump inhibitors may improve glycaemic control in ...

Type 2 diabetes is a common disease, afflicting more than 20 million Americans. Psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, have been previously correlated with diabetes. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of psychiatric illnesses in a type 2 pediatric diabetic cohort and to examine if there were any ...