A rapid and simple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with ultraviolet detection has been developed for simultaneous determination of regular insulin and insulin aspart in bulk and commercial injection dosage forms. The simultaneous analysis of the tested drugs was performed in phosphate buffer (80 mM; pH 6.5). The separation of regular ...

We investigated antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in a model of diabetic neuropathic pain in rats. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80mg/kg). Sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli was measured with the paw-pressure and hot-plate test, respectively. The formalin ...

BACKGROUND: Insulin injection pens have been primarily developed for self-injection among individuals with diabetes. However, an increased elderly population with diabetes has caused an increase in the number of patients who cannot self-inject insulin. Consequently, caregivers inject insulin to the patients ("other-injection"); however, insulin injection devices have not yet been ...

The dream of closing the loop is actually the dream of creating an artificial pancreas and freeing the patients from being involved with the care of their own diabetes. Insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1) is a chronic incurable disease which requires constant therapy without the possibility of any 'holidays' or insulin-free ...

The purpose of this study was to assess factors associated with patient frequency of intentionally skipping insulin injections. Data were obtained through an Internet survey of 502 U.S. adults self-identified as taking insulin by injection to treat type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Multiple regression analysis assessed independent associations of ...

Only few insulin-treated (IT) people with diabetes mellitus (DM) reach the target due to poor compliance and/or to sedentary lifestyle and/or to inadequate treatment regimen. The latter may be also brought about by often overlooked factors including insulin injection into altered skin areas, often brought about by incorrect habits, namely ...

Injection site rotation is an important component of insulin administration and is helpful in preventing lipodystrophy in type 1 diabetes (T1DM). We examined the number of injection/infusion sites (sites) used by youth with T1DM and their perceived barriers to using new sites for insulin. Two hundred and one youth with ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Good glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus often requires insulin supplementation therapy. Recent developments of analogue insulin and premixed formulations have increased the therapeutic options for patients who need such therapy. This study aimed to retrospectively clarify appropriate treatment regimens according to age, body mass index ...

A 60-year-old woman diabetic patient presented with a subcutaneous mass in right lower abdominal quadrant where recombinant human insulin or insulin analogue had been injected for 16 years. Her diabetes has been insulin resistant with insufficient blood glucose control. The mass was extirpated under the suspicion of neoplasm but it ...

OBJECTIVE: While many patients with type 2 diabetes require insulin to achieve glycemic goals, little is known about patients' persistence with insulin or other injectable antidiabetic therapies. The objective of this study was to evaluate persistence with injectable antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes who were na?ve to ...

There is strong evidence that our current consumption of salt is a major factor for increased blood pressure (BP) and a modest reduction in salt intake lowers BP whether BP levels are normal or raised. Tight control of BP in diabetics lowers the risk of strokes, heart attacks and heart ...

NovoPen, the first insulin pen, was introduced in 1985. This review article is an update of a review paper published in 2006 on 20 years' use of the NovoPen family of insulin pens in the management of diabetes mellitus. The literature searches conducted in the earlier review article were updated ...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Murraya koenigii leaves (MKL) on blood glucose level and in prevention or management of diabetic neuropathy. In the present study the diabetic neuropathy was developed 9 weeks after single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 70 mg/kg ...

AIM: To investigate polymeric nanoparticles as an oral delivery system for protein biocontrol agents for control of the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. METHODS: Insulin-loaded poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) (PECA) nanoparticles were prepared using interfacial polymerisation, and characterised for size, zeta potential, and efficiency of encapsulation of insulin. In-vitro release of insulin-loaded PECA ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare patients' perceptions of injection-related problems with clinicians' estimates of those problems. METHODS: Data were obtained through 2 Internet surveys, one of US adults self-identified as taking insulin to treat diabetes and the second of health care professionals who treat people with diabetes who inject insulin, including primary ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical and laboratory profiles of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in three public hospitals in S?o Paulo, Brazil, since type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that occurs mainly in the pediatric age group in the Brazilian population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with patients followed up ...

This article summarizes and interprets the findings of Carter and colleagues in this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, a study of the real world use of a prefilled insulin pen device. In this observational study, people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes rated their experience with ...

Insulin detemir is a novel human insulin analog that does not show the usual propensity for weight gain in diabetic patients. We speculated that this beneficial effect could be due to insulin detemir exerting stronger anorectic effects within the brain than other insulins. To study the central effects of regular ...

BACKGROUND: To determine the preferable method for self-injecting insulin, we compared the handling, safety, and dose accuracy of a conventional disposable syringe and vial with FlexPen (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark), a prefilled pen. METHODS: Insulin therapy-naive healthcare professionals (HCPs) (n = 30), unfamiliar with insulin delivery, injected 10 U ...

PURPOSE: To develop an improved sustained-release (SR) formulation of exenatide (a therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus) in a biweekly dosage form with therapeutic efficacy comparable to that achieved with twice-daily injections of the drug. METHODS: A SR formulation of exenatide, DA-3091, was prepared by single-emulsion solvent evaporation ...

BACKGROUND: Easy-to-use insulin devices are an important tool in the treatment of diabetes. In this study, injection force requirements and dosage scale displays were evaluated for NovoPen 3 and NovoPen 4 (both from Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). METHODS: To simulate 5 years of expected lifetime usage, 5,475 injections were ...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare pen device-naïve patients' preferences for Humalog KwikPen (insulin lispro injection) (Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN) to use of a vial and syringe and FlexPen(R) (insulin aspart injection) (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). METHODS: This open-label, randomized, crossover 1-day study tested ...

BACKGROUND: Insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes is often delayed because of concerns about injections. Our objective was to compare the effects of AIR inhaled insulin (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN) (AIR is a registered trademark of Alkermes, Inc., Cambridge, MA) with those of injectable insulin on ...

The goal of this study was to determine the bioavailability of high-dose insulin aspart administered directly into the duodenum of healthy subjects. In a pilot study, four subjects each received four escalating doses of a 1-ml solution of insulin aspart (100, 300, 600, and 1000 IU, respectively) directly into the ...

To review currently available insulin delivery pen devices for use in diabetes and to describe their primary benefits and drawbacks in comparison with the traditional vial/syringe method of insulin administration. Not applicable. Insulin delivery pen devices are available for most types of insulin, including all insulin analog preparations and insulin ...

Objectives: To review currently available insulin delivery pen devices for use in diabetes and to describe their primary benefits and drawbacks in comparison with the traditional vial/syringe method of insulin administration.Data source: Not applicable.Summary: Insulin delivery pen devices are available for most types of insulin, including all insulin analog preparations ...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Since proper storage of insulin is necessary for its action, the present study was undertaken to determine the extent to which improper temperature storage conditions could have contributed to the potency of the three insulin formulations tested. METHODS: Two human insulin formulations (regular and biphasic) from three ...

BACKGROUND: People with diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy increasingly prefer insulin pens over syringes and vials. Different types of pen needles are available for insulin pens, e.g., "thin-wall" needles, which have the same outer diameter but a relatively lager inner diameter compared to needles produced with a "regular-wall." METHODS: We ...

RATIONALE AND AIMS: Using an insulin pen may improve the quality of life (QOL) for diabetic individuals. However, glycemic control and its relationship to better QOL are controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health-related QOL and glycemic control in diabetic patients using insulin pen. ...

BACKGROUND: Insulin pen devices are easier to use and lead to better treatment adherence than syringes. This study sought to determine factors associated with the decision to prescribe insulin pen devices rather than syringes for older patients initiating insulin therapy. METHODS: A population-based study examined all Ontario, Canada residents > ...

A complex sequence of steps is required for insulin to cause glucose uptake. Impairment of any one of these steps can contribute to insulin resistance. We observed the effect of insulin resistance induced by hyperlipidemia on the dynamics of insulin injected into skeletal muscle. Basal insulin euglycemic clamps (0.2 mU/min/kg) ...

BACKGROUND: This phase 1 study investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and glucodynamics of insulin lispro (Humalog; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN) or regular human insulin (Humulin R; Eli Lilly and Co.) administered with or without (+/-) recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20). METHODS: Healthy male volunteers (n = 26), 18-55 years old ...

ABSTRACT Objective: The adequate attainment and maintenance of good hemoglobin A1c control in diabetes are major challenges. Although insulin use as the mainstay of diabetes treatment has resulted in favorable treatment outcomes, poor adherence/compliance occurs due to factors such as fear of insulin or fear of injection. This study was ...

The transdsermal delivery of insulin remains a significant challenge due to low permeation rates at therapeutically useful rates. We report unilamellar nanovesicles with membrane thickness of 3-5 nm and entrapment efficiency of 89.05+/-0.91%, which can be driven by iontophoresis for enhancing transdermal delivery of insulin through microneedle-induced skin microchannels. The ...

Despite the availability of modern insulin injection devices with needles that are so sharp and thin that practically no injection pain takes place, it is still the dream of patients with diabetes to, for example, swallow a tablet with insulin. This is not associated with any pain and would allow ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors predisposing Nigerian diabetics to overt nephropathy with a view to developing strategies for its prevention. DESIGN: case control study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital, a major nephrology referral centre in Nigeria. SUBJECTS: 30 diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients and 32 age and sex-matched diabetic patients without ...

OBJECTIVES: To study the possible mechanism of the technetium-99m complex of dimercaptosuccinic acid 99mTc(V)-DMSA accumulation in a model of Staphylococcus aureus-induced bacterial arthritis regulated by glucose.MATERIALS AND METHODS: After making the S. aureus-induced bacterial arthritis model, 14 rabbits were divided into two groups randomly, with one group receiving 6 g/kg ...

Plasma leptin concentrations in horses have been shown to vary widely. However, many factors may perturb these measurements. Previous research has documented a link between hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia in horses. This condition has been speculated to be associated with components of equine metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance and laminitis. ...

BACKGROUND: Diabetes management in older adults is challenging. Poor glycemic control and high risk of hypoglycemia are common in older patients on a complicated insulin regimen. Newer oral hypoglycemic agents have provided an opportunity to simplify regimens in patients with type-2 diabetes on insulin. Serum c-peptide is a test to ...

The aim of this study is to determine the proper initial dose adjustment when switching from multiple daily injections to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for type-1 diabetic pediatric patients. Our hypothesis is that the insulin adjustment varies depending on the pubertal status and the previous long-acting insulin used. Charts of ...

A pH- and temperature-sensitive hydrogel of poly(beta-amino ester)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(beta-amino ester) (PAE-PCL-PEG-PCL-PAE) pentablock copolymer was evaluated as a sustained injectable insulin delivery system. Insulin was readily loaded into the matrix, forming an ionically linked insulin-PAE complex. Complex mixtures containing various concentrations of insulin and copolymer were subcutaneously injected into male ...

BACKGROUND: Insulin therapy is essential for type 1 and inadequately controlled type 2 diabetic patients. Insulin allergies have become less common since the introduction of highly purified human recombinant insulin. There are rare reports of severe insulin allergic reactions after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in patients with type 2 ...

BACKGROUND: The intuitiveness, instruction time, and handling of the Levemir (insulin detemir) FlexPen and the Lantus OptiClik pen (with insulin glargine) were investigated. METHODS: This randomized open-label crossover study involved two groups of insulin-device-naive Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes [mean (SD) age 61.9 +/- 12.3 years, 57% male]. Patients ...

FlexPen is a widely used, prefilled, insulin-delivery pen for patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Well-designed trials suggest that FlexPen is more accurate than other prefilled pens at high, medium and low doses. Furthermore, FlexPen is preferred to the vial-and-syringe method by patients, but comparisons of patient preference ...

Microencapsulation of insulin has been difficult, due to the high sensitivity of insulin to the harsh conditions that can occur during the microencapsulation process. We have developed a method of preparing insulin-loaded microcapsules by using a monoaxial ultrasonic atomizer to form microdroplets of insulin in aqueous solution surrounded by poly(lactic-co-glycolic ...

We evaluated the influence of posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide on blood glucose and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients. This treatment, in this limited series, did not significantly increase HbA1c levels or blood pressures. But spike-like increases of fasting blood glucose were observed in some cases.

AIMS: To use continuous glucose monitoring (CGMS) to compare glucose profiles in people with type 1 diabetes following injection of insulin into an area affected by lipohypertrophy vs. an area not affected by lipohypertrophy. METHODS: Eight patients with type 1 diabetes underwent 72 h of CGMS while following a standardized ...

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most frequent cause of vision loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Steroids may reduce the concentration of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, and have effect on increased vascular permeability. Topical steroids does ...

BACKGROUND: Injecting insulin may cause pain and anxiety and lead to suboptimal treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this randomized, open-label, crossover study was to compare two types of needle design and diameter in patients with diabetes injecting insulin. METHODS: Patients with diabetes injecting insulin twice daily for at ...

Microencapsulation of insulin has been difficult, due to the high sensitivity of insulin to the harsh conditions that can occur during the microencapsulation process. We have developed a method of preparing insulin-loaded microcapsules by using a monoaxial ultrasonic atomizer to form microdroplets of insulin in aqueous solution surrounded by poly(lactic-co-glycolic ...