OBJECTIVES: A physiological adaptation to a sugar-rich meal is achieved by increased sugar uptake to match dietary load, resulting from a rapid transient translocation of the fructose/glucose GLUT2 transporter to the brush border membrane (BBM) of enterocytes. The aim of this study was to define the contributors and physiological mechanisms ...

Polydextrose is a randomly bonded polysaccharide produced by the bulk melt polycondensation of glucose and sorbitol in vacuo. It has been used as a bulking and texturizing agent and soluble fiber ingredient in many food products worldwide for over two decades. Because of its atypical linkages between glucose moieties, polydextrose ...

An apparent plasticity in glucose sensitivity was first noted while studying human taste variants, but the experimental design did not rule out regression to the mean. Since then, a human taste induction hypothesis that sensitivity for a taste stimulus increases with repeated exposure to it has been supported first by ...

This work aimed to clarify the relationship between polymer function and insulin absorption, and to evaluate the optimized preparative formulation predicted from this relationship. Insulin-loaded polymer (ILP) carrier systems were prepared following a two-factor composite second-order spherical experimental design. To investigate the polymer function, we evaluated its insulin release, bioadhesiveness, ...

BACKGROUND: The greater prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in the past 35 y has been attributed to the replacement of sucrose in the food supply with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). OBJECTIVE: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of solutions containing sucrose, HFCS, or various ratios of ...

Our objective was to determine if replacing glucose with fructose would decrease cytoplasmic lipid accumulation during culture of embryos with or without regulators of metabolism. In vitro-produced bovine zygotes were cultured 60 hr in chemically defined medium-1 (CDM-1) plus 0.5% BSA and 0.5 mM fructose or glucose in Experiment 1, ...

The results from a clinical study performed in 12 healthy volunteers with different coffee products containing glucose show that instant coffee enriched with chlorogenic acid induced a reduction in the absorption of glucose of 6.9% compared with the control. No such effects were seen with normal or decaffeinated instant coffee. ...

The present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) and garlic (Allium satium) on the fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) of fructose-induced insulin resistance rats. Male albino Wistar rats were fed either normal or high-fructose ...

The recent dramatic increase in fructose consumption is tightly correlated with an equally dramatic surge in the incidence of type 2 diabetes and obesity in children, but little is known about dietary fructose metabolism and absorption in neonates. The expression of the rat intestinal fructose transporter GLUT5 [Slc2A5, a member ...

Poly(gamma-glutamic acid)s (gamma-PGA) modified with phloridzin, which is an inhibitor of the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), via a omega-amino triethylene glycol linker were synthesized. The potential of gamma-PGA-phloridzin conjugates (PGA-PRZs) obtained as a novel oral anti-diabetic drug was examined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. A PGA-PRZ with a 15% ...

Sweet, palatable substances such as sucrose are reported to calm infants undergoing routine investigative procedures. The analgesic effect persists in pre pubertal children and adults with a hint of gender dependent variation in the analgesic response. The present study was therefore designed to explore gender specificity of sucrose induced analgesia ...

In nectar-feeding insects, sugars are an important source of fuel and energy storage. Here, we analyzed the haemolymph sugar levels in foragers of the ant Camponotus rufipes trained to collect nectar from an artificial feeder, and their dependence on the metabolic rate during feeding. The main sugar found was trehalose, ...

The pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded dextran sulfate/chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated following oral dosage in diabetic rats. Nanoparticles were mucoadhesive and negatively charged with a mean size of 500 nm, suitable for uptake within the gastrointestinal tract. Insulin association efficiency was over 70% and was released in a pH-dependent manner under ...

In this investigation, superporous hydrogels containing poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC) full-interpenetrating polymer networks (SPH-IPNs) were evaluated for their potentials in effective insulin absorption via the oral route. Insulin release from the SPH-IPNs exhibited sensitivity towards pH and ionic strength. After drug loading and release, the circular dichroism (CD) spectra ...

BACKGROUND: The intestine adapts to environmental stimuli, such as modifications in dietary lipids. Dietary lipids modify brush border membrane (BBM) permeability and nutrient transporter activities. Gangliosides (GANG) are glycolipids present in human milk, but they are present only in low amounts in infant formula. Exogenous GANG are incorporated into cell ...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To compare postprandial responses elicited by sucromalt, a nutritive sweetener produced by treating a blend of sucrose and corn syrup with an enzyme from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, with those after 42% of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and to see if the reduced responses after sucromalt could be accounted for by ...

The objective of this work was to explore the potential of polyethylene glycol-grafted chitosan (PEG-g-chitosan) nanoparticles as a system for improving the systemic absorption of insulin following nasal administration. Insulin-loaded PEG-g-chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the ionotropic gelation of PEG-g-chitosan solution using tripolyphosphate ions as the crosslinking agent. The nanoparticles ...

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel three-layered oral delivery system for insulin in vivo. METHODS: The patch system consisted of a mucoadhesive layer, a water insoluble backing layer made of ethylcellulose and an enteric coating made of Eudragit. Drug release studies were performed ...

Changes in the soluble carbohydrate content of olive were determined during fruit ripening in on-and off-years. Soluble sugars increased up to 90 days after fruit set and decreased during fruit ripening. In on-year, a marked temporary increase was evident at the beginning of fruit color changes. Glucose, fructose and mannitol ...

A reported discrepancy between quantitative estimates of the extent of enhanced alpha-chymotrypsin dimerization in the presence of sucrose is traced to different consequences of using an incorrect value of the buoyant molecular weight in the analysis of sedimentation equilibrium distributions. Support is thereby provided for the earlier contention that the ...

Intestinal function in young animals is influenced by maternal factors, such as alterations in the maternal diet. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) enhances intestinal growth and absorption in mature animals. Glucocorticosteroids induce intestinal maturation in neonates and increase sugar uptake in adult animals. It is not known if maternally administered GLP-2 ...

Cholestasis is associated with systemic accumulation of bile salts and with deficiency of bile in the intestinal lumen. During the past years bile salts have been identified as signaling molecules that regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Bile salts have also been shown to activate signaling routes leading to proliferation, ...

BACKGROUND: Lactitol (4-beta-D: -galactopyranosyl-D: -glucitol) is a sugar alcohol used as a sweetener. Previous studies have shown that it has a beneficial effect on intestinal microflora. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To determine whether low doses of lactitol had beneficial effects without eliciting adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS: Faecal bacterial populations (total ...

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of Ipomoea aquatica aqueous and dichloromethane/methanol extracts on the glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in situ. Extracts orally tested at the dose of 160 mg/kg exerted a significant inhibitory effect on glucose absorption when compared with control animals. The most ...

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Serum cholestanol and plant sterol ratios to cholesterol, surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption, are assumed to be high in type 1 diabetes (T1D), and the ratios of cholesterol precursor sterols (markers of synthesis) are assumed to be low reflecting downregulated cholesterol synthesis. To this end, we measured ...

The absorption enhancing effects of polyamines, spermine (SPM), spermidine (SPD) and putrescine (PUT) on the pulmonary absorption of poorly absorbable drugs were studied in rats. Insulin, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF), and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextrans (FDs) were chosen as models of poorly absorbable drugs. The absorption of insulin from the lung was enhanced ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles following oral dosage in diabetic rats. METHODS: Nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic pre-gelation of an alginate core followed by chitosan polyelectrolyte complexation. In vivo activity was evaluated by measuring the decrease in blood glucose concentrations in streptozotocin induced, diabetic rats ...

OBJECTIVE: Horses often suffer reduced intestinal motility after jejunocecostomy. Therefore, accurate evaluation of intestinal motility is important for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate intestinal motility in horses after jejunocecostomy using three different methods, i.e. auscultation, ultrasonography and electrointestinography. ANIMALS: ...

BACKGROUND: A high fructose intake can lead to postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia. The underlying mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in fructose-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia and the contribution of de novo lipogenesis in an acute setting. DESIGN: In a randomized, crossover study, 14 subjects were ...

The fate of anthocyanins and ellagitannins in rats was monitored following ingestion of raspberry juice. After 1 h low nM concentrations of unmetabolised anthocyanins were present in plasma but these declined by 2 h and after 4 h they were no longer detectable. For the first 2 h there was ...

Sodium chlorate effectively reduces or eliminates gram-negative pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts of live cattle. Limitations to the in vivo efficacy of chlorate are its rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and its presumed reduction to chloride within the gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that chlorate would be reduced via ...

The present study was designed to clarify the principal herb responsible for the improvement of insulin resistance produced by Die-Huang-Wan, a mixture of six herbs, in rats fed with fructose-rich chow for 4 weeks. A decrease in plasma glucose was observed in fructose-rich chow-fed rats received an oral administration of ...

Two decades ago D. J. Keegan reported results on Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus, Megachiroptera) that were strangely at odds with the prevailing understanding of how glucose is absorbed in the mammalian intestine. Keegan's in vitro tests for glucose transport against a concentration gradient and with phloridzin inhibition in fruit ...

AIM: The relative bioavailabilities and effects on lung injury alleviation of 4 insulin- artificial pulmonary surfactant (INS-APS) preparations were studied in normal rats. The relationship between the minimal surface tension (Gamma(min )) of INS-APS and the absorption of insulin was also investigated. METHODS: Four formulations of APS [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)/lecithin/palmitic acid ...

In diabetes, postprandial hyperlipidemia is recognized as a risk factor for premature atherosclerosis and following cardiovascular disease. In the present study, features of fat absorption and clearance were examined to clarify the lipid metabolism of Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. Olive oil was orally administered to evaluate increase of blood ...

This work investigates preparation of biodegradable beads with alginate polymer by ionotropic gelation method to take the advantages of the swelling and mucoadhesive properties of alginate beads for improving the oral delivery of the antidiabetic agent gliclazide. It demonstrates that the ionic gelation of alginate molecules offers a flexible and ...

The transport characteristics of insulin were investigated using two different absorption models. Using the modified Valia-Chien chambers, permeability coefficients of insulin in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were 0.71x10(-7), 7.11x10(-7) and 9.45x10(-7) cm/s, respectively. In the Caco-2 cell monolayers, the bidirectional transepithelial fluxes of insulin across Caco-2 cell line showed ...

OBJECTIVE: We have previously shown that 300 kcal from glucose intake induces a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding in the circulating mononuclear cells in healthy normal subjects. We hypothesized that the intake of 300 calories as orange juice or fructose, the other ...

Pulmonary route appears to be an attractive alternative as a non-invasive systemic delivery for peptide and protein drugs. An appropriate formulation, however, is important for increasing their bioavailability in lung. In this study, the human insulin microcrystals were produced. The particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that ...

Overwintering adults of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.) showed an unusually complex sugar/polyol cryoprotectant system. The major components of the multiple system were: glucose (177.6 mmolL(-1), March); trehalose (175.0 mmolL(-1), December); sorbitol (147.9 mmolL(-1), January); mannitol (81.2 mmolL(-1), March); and erythritol (40.7mmolL(-1), March) (in the parentheses, the maximum ...

Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds have been documented as a traditional plant treatment for diabetes. In the present study, the antidiabetic properties of a soluble dietary fibre (SDF) fraction of T. foenum-graecum were evaluated. Administration of SDF fraction (0 x 5 g/kg body weight) to normal, type 1 or type 2 ...

In this paper, the formation of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as a result of the thermo-active redox reaction of chlorauric acid (HAuCl(4)) and glucose in alkaline medium was identified by measuring the plasmon resonance absorption, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, for the formation of ...

Bioadhesive dosage forms are a potential method for overcoming rapid mucociliary transport in the nose. A lyophilised nasal insert formulation previously investigated in sheep demonstrated prolonged absorption of nicotine hydrogen tartrate suggestive of extended nasal residence, and increased bioavailability. The current study was performed to quantify nasal residence of the ...

The effects of a sperminated gelatin (SG), which was prepared as a candidate absorption enhancer by the addition of spermine to gelatin, on the nasal absorption of insulin, were examined in rats. The AUC of immuno-reactive insulin levels in the plasma after nasal administration of insulin were increased 5.3-fold by ...

We previously reported that the increase in blood glucose was more suppressed when palatinose was taken with sucrose or glucose than when either of these sugars was taken alone. In the present study, we examined whether or not palatinose suppresses glucose absorption using everted intestinal sacs from rats. Glucose absorption ...

INTRODUCTION: Acute edema induced by resuscitation and mesenteric venous hypertension impairs intestinal transit and contractility and reduces intestinal stiffness. Pretreatment with hypertonic saline (HS) can prevent these changes. Changes in tissue stiffness have been shown to trigger signaling cascades via stress fiber formation. We proposed that acute intestinal edema leads ...

Objective: To investigate the preventive effect of SH-01D, a herbomineral preparation, on the development of insulin resistance induced by dexamethasone and fructose, in rats. Materials and Methods: Two models of insulin resistance were used (dexamethasone 10 mg/kg, s.c. once daily and fructose 10% w/v, p.o., ad libitum ) in rats ...

The glycemic index (GI) measures the magnitude of the postprandial increase in blood glucose caused by a test food compared with a reference food/beverage, containing the same amount of carbohydrate. The insulin index is determined in a similar manner of GI calculation, except that blood insulin AUC is used in ...

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure on UV filters of various intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS: Eight samples each of the hydrophobic acrylic, hydrophilic acrylic and silicone IOLs were used. Four IOLs of each type was selected randomly as the control ...

The aim of this work was to produce and characterize cetyl palmitate-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing insulin, and to evaluate the potential of these colloidal carriers for oral administration. SLN were prepared by a modified solvent emulsification-evaporation method based on a w/o/w double emulsion. The particle size, zeta potential ...