The monitoring of glycemia is an essential component of diabetes care. It may be divided into self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), which measures the immediate level of glycemia, and measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), which reflects longer-term glycemia. SMBG was discussed in an earlier review. HbA1c is a measure of ...

OBJECTIVES: According to the nonenzymatic glycation hypothesis, excessive production of toxic alpha-oxoaldehydes is associated with diabetes tissue damage. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that methylglyoxal overproduction is affected by glycemic fluctuation. DESIGN AND METHODS: Methylglyoxal was measured by HPLC in 41 patients with diabetes, and ...

Even though the importance of glycated haemoglobin (GHb) as an index of long-term diabetic control has been recognised in the last two decades, it's application in resource – poor centres is still hampered by lack of facilities. While assay methods of GHb that are both available and affordable are awaited, ...

HbA(1c), the major glycated hemoglobin increases proportionately with blood glucose concentration in diabetes mellitus. H(2)O(2) promotes more iron release from HbA(1c) than that from nonglycated hemoglobin, HbA(0). This free iron, acting as a Fenton reagent, might produce free radicals and degrade cell constituents. Here we demonstrate that in the presence ...

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products in vessel walls may increase arterial stiffness and/or thickness, contributing to a high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with diabetes. We investigated whether serum concentrations of pentosidine, a well-defined advanced glycation end product, are associated with arterial stiffness or thickness in patients ...

BACKGROUND: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for measuring hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) serves as a reference standard against which other assays are compared. The DCA 2000 + Analyzer (Bayer Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA), which uses an immunoassay, is a ...

OBJECTIVE: Growing evidence supports that nonenzymatic glycation products may cause hyperglycemia-induced diabetes complications. Amadori-modified proteins are the intermediate products of nonenzymatic glycation and constitute the forms of glycated proteins in diabetes. The objective of the current study was to utilize two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Western blot, and mass spectrometry to identify ...

Type 1 diabetes is associated with anaemia. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, the accompanying reticulocytosis implies that erythrocyte lifespan in the circulation is shortened. Among the factors that permit prolonged survival of erythrocytes are the membrane complement regulators. In conditions such as paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, where erythrocyte expression of ...

Non-enzymatic glycation products are a complex and heterogeneous group of compounds which accumulate in plasma and tissues in diabetes and renal failure. There is emerging evidence that these compounds may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic complications associated with diabetes and renal failure. So measurement of the products ...

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in non diabetic subjects the association of dietary carbohydrates with fructosamine, a measure of total non enzymatic glycated proteins in the blood associated with mortality, particularly from cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: A population sample of 252 subjects (137 men and 115 women, mean age 57) without diabetes and ...

Our objective was to study the cross-sectional associations between concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and concentrations of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, insulin and C-peptide among US adults. We used data for 1289 participants without self-reported diabetes who were aged > or =20 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ...

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Apart from ageing, diabetes has been considered to be one of the major risk factors of cataract. The high sugar levels in diabetes may cause tissue disruption and intumescences by osmotic changes induced via aldose reductase (AR) mediated polyol pathway. Therefore, agents ...

HbA1c has been regarded as the gold standard of glucose homeostasis assessment in diabetes, theoretically providing an indication of the time-weighted average of plasma glucose concentration over the preceding 6–8 weeks [1]. Reduction of HbA1c has been associated with a reduction of risk of both micro- and macrovascular diabetic complications ...

An abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) fraction was observed during a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) Hb A1c control for diabetes mellitus in a 56-year-old north European woman. Family analyses revealed the abnormal fraction in three of her five siblings and in her son. Elevated Hb and packed cell volume (PCV) values ...

BACKGROUND: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a proxy measure for glycemic control in diabetes. We investigated the trend for glycemic control in patients from three Danish counties using HbA1c measurements. METHODS: We studied 2454 patients from a population of 807,000 inhabitants for whom routine monitoring of diabetes using HbA1c-DCCT aligned was ...

Glucose level varies over time due to a number of complex physiologic processes. Evidence suggests variation in glucose level contributes to risk of complications. The timescale associated with variation in glucose level is on the order of seconds to minutes, yet diabetes complications stem from years of cumulative effects. This ...

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a marker of evaluation of long-term glycemic control in diabetic patients and predicts risks for the development and/or progression of diabetic complications. Glycosylation process depends on the exposure to glucose, so on the half-life of erythrocyte. It was demonstrated, however that metabolic control concerning the last ...

Along with oxygen, glucose is an essential macronutrient for most cells, a source of carbons for biosynthesis and energy. However, alongside this indispensable role for cell survival and growth, glucose is intrinsically toxic by reacting with primary amines such as lysine in proteins in a non-enzymatic glycation process (a.k.a. Maillard ...

All-trans-retinoic acid (tRA) modulates in human mesangial cells (MC) antioxidant defenses, the expression of interleukin-1beta-induced vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the retinoic acid-receptor-beta (RAR-beta). The correlation of the serum levels of glycated hemoglobin A1c with tRA in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients led us to hypothesize that tRA ...

The molecular species present in globins from healthy and diabetic subjects with and without chronic complications have been analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The technique demonstrated the presence of glycated and glyco-oxidated species of both alpha- and beta-globins. Their abundances show a good linear relationship with respect to ...

Since persistent uncontrolled hyperglycaemia predisposes to vascular complications in diabetics, this study aimed at assessing the relationship of glycaemic control to plasma fibrinogen concentration, relative plasma viscosity and ankle arterial blood flow in diabetic patients with (N = 28) and without neuropathy (N = 34) compared with non-diabetic controls (N ...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in developed countries. AD is characterized pathologically by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), the major constituents of which are the amyloid beta protein (Abeta) and tau protein, respectively. Several epidemiological studies have reported moderately increased risks ...

3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is a metabolite of glucose that is thought to lead to the production of advanced glycation end products in diabetes. The previous assay for 3-DG in serum was based on a multi-step protocol, including derivatization, extraction, HPLC separation, and detection. In the current studies, we established a monoclonal ...

BACKGROUND: Beta-thalassemia minor (BTM) is a common benign condition that can be present in patients with diabetes mellitus. There are conflicting reports about the effect of BTM on glycated hemoglobin (gHb) measurements. We evaluated 6 gHb methods using samples from non-diabetic subjects with BTM. METHODS: Samples submitted for hemoglobin phenotype ...

AIMS: Diabetes is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and low-degree inflammation may play a central role in both diseases. Glycosylated haemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) is an established measure of long-term glycaemic control but data on its correlation with markers of inflammation are limited, especially in patients with atherosclerotic manifestations. The aim ...

Recently, we demonstrated that the control of cytosolic and mitochondrial redox balance and the cellular defense against oxidative damage is one of the primary functions of NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), because it supplies NADPH for antioxidant systems. When exposed to reducing sugars such as glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and fructose, ICDH ...

Glycation of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be a major contributor to the pathological manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Several studies have shown that the chemical inhibition of AGEs formation results in attenuation of diabetic complications. We ...

A higher than normal glucose concentration in a suspending medium may produce non-enzymatic glycosylation of erythrocyte proteins. This process can modify the viscoelastic properties of erythrocytes. In this paper, we studied the possible relationship between glucose concentration in a suspending medium and erythrocyte rheological parameters. Human venous blood was obtained ...

Diabetes is a worldwide disease. Epidemiological data indicates that the degree and duration of hyperglycaemia is associated with the microvascular and macrovascular complications of disease. Glycated haemoglobin at baseline is a significant predictor of retinopathy, as well as proteinuria, amputation and survival. Intensive blood glucose control with either sulphonylureas, metformin ...

We previously have shown that an affinity, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is a highly reproducible and sensitive method for determining percent total glycohemoglobin (tGHb) in people with diabetes. In this study we extended the use of this method to a determination of the correlation of percent tGHb with the ...

The ability of glycated hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) to predict diabetes is unknown, but could be evaluated by analyses on samples stored in biobanks. The stability of HbA(1c) in long-term stored samples is, however, unknown. Moreover, the effect of hemolysis on HbA(1c) in the general population is not assessed. To explore ...

Patients with diabetes mellitus are prone to develop increased advanced glycation endproducts causing local complications and increased overall morbidity and mortality. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were determined in saliva of 52 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus and 47 age-matched healthy control subjects. Resonance spectra showed specific peaks at 2.3, 7.3, ...

Micro- and macrovascular diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms that link hyperglycemia to these complications remain incompletely understood. We proposed that in human diabetes, inhibition by glycation of the complement regulatory protein CD59 increases deposition of the membrane ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Recently an individual variability in the relationships between mean blood glucose levels and HbA1c has been observed among diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to provide an accurate description and evaluation of glycated and glyco-oxidated globins from diabetic subjects and their relationship with HbA1c and plasma glucose ...

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level represents an established tool to monitor glycemic control in diabetic patients, but the previous commonly used tests of HbA1c in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may not be reliable because of the presence of anemia, assay interference from uremia, and decreased red blood cell (RBC) ...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In this prospective study the authors followed the post-translational modification of the proteins of the lens of the eye by fluorometry over a period of 14 years in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Twenty patients were examined at 6 years (baseline) and 20 years (follow up) after ...

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy is a relatively common microvascular complication in people suffering from diabetic mellitus. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to the accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) that covalently trap extravasated serum proteins such as immunoglobulins, albumin, and LDL through glucose derived cross-linking to the extra vascular matrix. METHODS: Serum ...

The term protein glycation summarizes non-enzymatic reactions between amino groups of proteins and sugars or sugar degradation products, leading to early glycation products (intact sugar attached) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Protein glycation is involved in the progression of several diseases, such as diabetes, uremia, and atherosclerosis. However, qualitative and ...

The long-term complications of diabetes have major consequences for individual subjects and growing healthcare delivery and cost implications for society. Evidence for the benefits of good glycaemic control, as monitored by glycated haemoglobin measurements, has been developed in the 25 years since they were introduced to the point where HbA(1c) ...

AIM: Pathological effects of the process of non-enzymatic glycation of proteins are reflected in chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. We investigated the antiglycating effect of taurine in high fructose fed rats in vivo and the inhibiting potency of taurine in the process of in vitro glycation. Additionally, we investigated whether ...

BACKGROUND: Glucose can covalently bind to the proteins by nonenzymatic process often termed glycation. Glycation of IgG is of special interest due to its possible influence on the functionality of immunoglobulins and overall immunocompetence. METHODS: The glycation of IgG was studied using radioactive D-[U-14C]-glucose. RESULTS: The kinetics, concentration/temperature dependence and ...

AIM: To determine whether the Ramadan fasting can improve metabolic control evaluated from serum fructosamine and beta hydroxybutirate in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This was a prospective one group before and after study (self-controlled study). Twenty four patients from the outpatient clinic of the Metabolic Endocrinology Division ...

Luobuma tea, prepared from the leaves of Apocynum venetum L., is a popular beverage in China. In this study, the activity of Luobuma leaf extract and its components against the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), which are largely involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, was examined using ...

The factors affecting glycated hemoglobin concentration were examined in a cohort of children attending diabetes camp. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose correlated with lower glycated hemoglobin, whereas the number of insulin types used correlated with increased glycated hemoglobin. Frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose promotes ...

Measurement of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is vital to provide meaningful diabetic care, but the assay is difficult and expensive, making its availability limited in resource-poor countries. We have field-tested a novel near-patient HbA1c meter (Glycosal; Provalis Diagnostics Ltd, UK) in northern Ethiopia. The machine was easy to use and gave ...

AIMS: To suggest the possible unreliability of HbA(1c) determination in presence of haemoglobin variants during routine metabolic evaluation. METHODS: We present a case of Camperdown haemoglobin, accidentally detected in a middle-aged Italian man during routine metabolic evaluation for newly diagnosed diabetes. The haemoglobin variant has been identified by exchange high ...

OBJECTIVE: In the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study, A1C increased from 1.2 to 1.7% and fasting plasma glucose from 1.0 to 2.8 mmol/l over 10 years in type 2 diabetic patients. It is not known whether the blood glucose increase observed in long-term studies of type 2 diabetes results from small, ...

Since as early as the 50s of the last century, it has been known that chromium is essential for normal glucose metabolism. Too little chromium in the diet may lead to insulin resistance. However, there is still no standard against which chromium deficiency can be established. Nevertheless, chromium supplements are ...

The advanced stage of the glycation process (one of the post-translational modifications of proteins) leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of angiopathy in diabetic patients, and in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently we have provided direct immunochemical evidence for the ...

BACKGROUND: The national programs for the harmonization of hemoglobin (Hb)A(1c) measurements in the US [National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)], Japan [Japanese Diabetes Society (JDS)/Japanese Society of Clinical Chemistry (JSCC)], and Sweden are based on different designated comparison methods (DCMs). The future basis for international standardization will be the reference system ...