AngII (angiotensin II) may contribute to cardiovascular risk in obesity via adverse effects on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. In the present study, we examined the effects of ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker) therapy (losartan, 100 mg/day) on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function in 53 subjects with stage I hypertension, abdominal obesity ...

A rapid microfluidic based capillary electrophoresis immunoassay (CEIA) was developed for on-line monitoring of glucagon secretion from pancreatic islets of Langerhans. In the device, a cell chamber containing living islets was perfused with buffers containing either high or low glucose concentration. Perfusate was continuously sampled by electroosmosis through a separate ...

Aim:  To determine if an insulin dose calculated for a meal containing 60 g carbohydrate maintains postprandial glycaemic control for meals containing 40, 50, 70 or 80 g carbohydrate. Methods:  Thirty-four young people (age range 8.5-17.7 years) using intensive insulin therapy consumed five test breakfasts with equivalent fat, protein and fibre contents but ...

Aim:  Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is known to reduce fasting blood glucose in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms of this effect are not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether peripheral insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp is increased in patients presenting for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. ...

Aims:  To describe patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin, with or without oral antidiabetics in UK primary care, and evaluate insulin treatment patterns and factors explaining changes in therapy. Methods:  Retrospective analysis of patients with Type 2 diabetes within The Health Improvement Network UK primary care ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) is a transcription factor involved in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis. Caloric restriction reduces CEBPA protein expression in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). A previous report linked rs12691 SNP in CEBPA to altered concentration of fasting triglycerides. Our objective was to assess the effects ...

Diabetes mellitus adversely affects the skeleton and is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. The mechanisms underlying low bone strength are not fully understood but could include impaired accrual of peak bone mass and diabetic complications, such as nephropathy. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) affects the ...

ABSTRACT: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease; however, conclusive evidence that glycemic control leads to improved cardiovascular outcomes is lacking. Saxagliptin is a potent, selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor approved as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in ...

Redox balance is fundamentally important for physiological homeostasis. Pathological factors that disturb this dedicated balance may result in oxidative stress, leading to the development or aggravation of a variety of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome as well as inflammation, aging and cancer. Thus, the capacity of endogenous ...

OBJECTIVE: Incretin-based therapies, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, are the latest addition to the range of available medications for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes. The GLP-1 analog liraglutide has been approved for use in Europe and the US for over a year and has undergone ...

Introduction: Insulin lispro protamine suspension (ILPS) is a protamine-based insulin lispro formulation that allows 24-h coverage while limiting the number of daily injections. ILPS was developed to be the basal insulin component of premixed biphasic formulations with insulin lispro, i.e., the lispro/ILPS 25/75 and 50/50 mixed compounds, but has recently ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease characterized by inadequate beta-cell response due to progressive insulin resistance that typically accompanies physical inactivity and weight gain. T2DM is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality related to the associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular risks and diabetic vasculopathies, including microangiopathies (e.g., blindness and renal ...

Diabetic cardiopathy includes a specific cardiomyopathy, which occurs in the absence of coronary heart disease and hypertension under diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia, characteristic metabolic disturbances evident in diabetes mellitus, all three lead to a specific altered cardiac structure and function. Recently, it has been demonstrated that altered HDL, ...

Important causes for modern epidemics such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are over- and malnutrition. Dietary as well as endogenous lipids are transported through the bloodstream in lipoproteins, and disturbances in lipoprotein metabolism are associated with atherosclerosis, heart disease, and diabetes. Recent findings reveal biological principles-how lipoproteins, in particular ...

Guidelines recommend aggressive goals for lipid and blood pressure reduction for high risk patients with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic coronary disease. However, it remains unclear how many patients achieve treatment goals versus the number of people merely placed on treatment. We conducted an observational study in an academic cardiology clinic. ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to compare IGF-I bioactivity 36 weeks after the addition of insulin glargine (A21Gly,B31Arg,B32Arg human insulin) or NPH insulin to metformin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients who had poor glucose control under metformin monotherapy. METHODS: In the Lantus plus Metformin (LANMET) study, 110 poorly ...

The present study was performed to develop a simple procedure for assessment of body temperature and to determine whether postprandial thermoregulation is related to metabolic regulation in diabetic patients.We examined 101 male and female subjects with diabetes. Axillary temperature was measured prior to and after all meals (3 meals per ...

Dyslipidaemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Lipid changes associated with diabetes mellitus are attributed to increases in free fatty acid flux, secondary to insulin resistance. In the present study, we have investigated the beneficial effects of swertiamarin on dyslipidaemic conditions associated with ...

Diabetes is an increasing public health problem that is expected to escalate in the future due to the growing incidence of obesity in the western world. While this disease is well known for its devastating effects on the kidneys and vascular system, diabetic individuals can develop cardiac dysfunction, termed diabetic ...

Saxagliptin (Onglyza™) is a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor widely approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the EU, saxagliptin is indicated as combination therapy with metformin, a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione, or insulin (with or without metformin) for the treatment of adult patients with type 2 diabetes, including ...

Introduction: Although traditionally used as a final treatment option, early use of insulin is a therapeutic option after metformin failure in type 2 diabetes. Injection of native insulin lacks the rapid onset of action after food ingestion and the chronic maintenance of a steady-state low-level basal insulin in fasting periods. ...

Observational epidemiologic data indicate that lower blood glucose levels, blood pressure (BP), and lipid parameters are associated with a lower incidence of micro- and macrovascular complications in people with diabetes. While no threshold for this effect is discernible in these observational studies, intervention studies do not mirror this finding. The ...

Combination fibrate-statin therapy favorably modifies the atherogenic, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein environment, common to insulin resistance, diabetes, and higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Five major fibrate randomized clinical trial (RCT) results (HHS, VA-HIT, BIP, FIELD, and ACCORD-Lipid) demonstrated four consistent features: 1) the highest CVD event rates occurred in the placebo subgroups ...

The diabetic foot is a common and severe complication of diabetes comprising a group of lesions including vasculopathy, neuropathy, tissue damage and infection. Vasculopathy due to ischemia is a major contributor to the pathogenesis, natural history and outcome of the diabetic foot. Despite conventional revascularization interventions including angioplasty, stenting, atherectomy ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a specific pattern of plasma lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities. Lipid goals are often not attained with statins alone, and combination lipid-lowering strategies may need to be considered in an attempt to further reduce the residual cardiovascular risk. Combination therapy utilizes various classes of ...

The treatment of diabetic macular edema may be evolving from a laser ablative approach into a pharmacotherapeutic approach. The exponential growth that has occurred over the past decade in the retinal pharmacotherapy field has led to the development of several pharmacotherapies for retinal vascular diseases such as diabetic macular edema. ...

Objective: To compare the persistence (treatment duration) of basal insulin supported oral therapy (BOT) using insulin glargine (GLA) or NPH insulin (NPH) in Type-2 diabetic patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study reports results from an analysis of claims data from prescriptions for ambulatory patients within the German Statutory Health Insurance ...

ABSTRACT:: It is well known that improved metabolic control significantly reduces both micro- and macrovascular complications in diabetes. As it relates to specific treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, clinicians have traditionally initiated lifestyle intervention and progressed therapy using various drug treatments first as monotherapy and then as combination therapy ...

Introduction: Oral hypoglycemic medications sometimes do not control type 2 diabetes well. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as adjunctive therapy might improve diabetes control through increasing serum gastrin and fasting insulin levels. Electronic medical records in a family medicine residency program office practice were reviewed for 73 individuals with type 2 ...

To review pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety data of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists exenatide long-acting release (LAR), albiglutide, and taspoglutide in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A MEDLINE search (1966-August 2011) was conducted using the following key words: type 2 diabetes mellitus, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists once weekly, ...

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the changes in circulating endotoxin after a high-saturated fat meal to determine whether these effects depend on metabolic disease state.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSSubjects (n = 54) were given a high-fat meal (75 g fat, 5 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein) after an overnight fast (nonobese control [NOC]: age ...

Nowadays diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes (which is strongly related to the Western diet and life-style), has developed worldwide into an epidemic disease. Nanomedicine aims to provide novel tools for diagnosis, therapy and point-of-care management of patients. Several nanotechnological approaches were developed to improve life quality for patients with insulin-dependent ...

AIM: Despite recent advances in diabetes therapy including the new long- and rapid-insulin analogs, insulin intensification strategies such as basal/bolus or pump therapy and sophisticated methods for insulin titration derived from the principles of functional insulin therapy, many patients fail to reach or maintain target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, putting ...

BACKGROUND: In 2010, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) proposed that individuals with fasting glucose level of 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L) or glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL (7.8-11.0 mmol/L) 2 hours after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test or hemoglobin A(1c) 5.7%-6.4% be classified as prediabetic, indicating increased risk for the ...

A growing body of evidence from experimental studies that shows the essential role that magnesium exerts on glucose metabolism has been developed in last years, strongly suggesting that magnesium could plays an important roles in the reduction of the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In the clinical setting, large epidemiological ...

BACKGROUND: Rosuvastatin and pravastatin have differential hydrophilicity and potency to inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase that may be relevant to changes in adiponectin levels, insulin resistance, and the rate of new onset diabetes in large clinical studies. Therefore, we hypothesized that rosuvastatin and pravastatin may have differential metabolic effects in hypercholesterolemic patients. ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic progressive disease. During the course of the disease intensive treatment is often necessary resulting in multiple interventions including administration of insulin. Although dietary intervention is highly recommended, the clinical results of the widely prescribed diets with low fat content and high ...

Physical activity improves well-being and reduces the risk of heart disease, cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population. In individuals with established type 2 diabetes, physical activity improves glucose and lipid levels, reduces weight and improves insulin resistance. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, however, the benefits of ...

Aim To evaluate the efficacy of melatonin supplementation therapy as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy in an ovariectomized rat model and to assess diabetogenic metabolic dysregulation caused by estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal individuals. Methods Ovariectomized adult Wistar rats were treated with either estrogen/progesterone, melatonin or a combination of estrogen ...

Lipid-lowering medications could lead to a significant reduction in major cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. However, there was still controversy regarding the use of statins in patients with diabetes for primary prevention. The meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the outcomes of statin-therapy in diabetic patients without established cardiovascular diseases.7 ...

Shiftworkers have a higher risk of CHD and type 2 diabetes. They consume a large proportion of their daily energy and carbohydrate intake in the late evening or night-time, a factor which could be linked to their increase in disease risk. We compared the metabolic effects of varying both dietary ...

The impact of slowly digestible sugars in reducing the risk of developing obesity and related metabolic disorders remains unclear. We hypothesised that such carbohydrates (CHO), resulting in a lower glycaemic and insulinaemic response, may lead to greater postprandial fat oxidation rates in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The present ...

Context:Endocannabinoid receptor 1 blockade is proposed to improve metabolic complications of obesity via central and peripheral effects.Objective:Our objective was to test whether rimonabant improves insulin regulation of free fatty acid and glucose metabolism after controlling for fat loss.Design:This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled substudy of the visceral fat reduction assessed by ...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with metabolic derangements including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. There is a growing need to develop pharmacologic interventions to improve metabolic function in women with PCOS. Medications that have been tested in patients with PCOS include metformin, thiazolidinediones, acarbose, naltrexone, orlistat, ...

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. MicroRNAs are negative regulators of gene expression that have been implicated in many biological processes, including metabolism. Here we show that the Let-7 family of microRNAs regulates glucose metabolism in multiple organs. Global ...

OBJECTIVES:: Very little is known about pancreatic fat accumulation and its possible associations with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to quantify pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) in lean and obese adolescents and explore its relationship with metabolic parameters. METHODS:: We recruited 25 lean and ...

Background. Intensive insulin treatment is known to improve metabolic control (HbA1c), but is accompanied by the risk of hypoglycemia. Aim. Aim of this study was to analyze clinical correlates of HbA1c, and of overall, nocturnal, and severe hypoglycemia, through direct weighted regressions, as well as the effect of different insulin ...

Liraglutide (Victoza®) is a subcutaneously administered glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist produced by recombinant DNA technology and used as an adjunct to diet and exercise in the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This article reviews the clinical efficacy and tolerability of liraglutide in adults with type 2 ...

Abstract The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus will eventually require combination therapy involving two or more agents to achieve their glycemic target as their disease progresses. This review contrasts current treatment guidelines and recommendations by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of ...

Abstract Treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is typically initiated with a combination of lifestyle modification and oral drugs. This treatment provides sustained glycemic control in some patients, but many others require administration of insulin as their disease progresses and pancreatic β cells are lost. One of the ...