The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foetal undernutrition on the metabolism in growing lambs. Seven-month-old lambs whose mothers had been fed either restrictively (RN; n = 14) or adequately (AN; n = 6) in late gestation were fasted for three days. One hour before fasting ...

Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and diabetes mellitus, as well as patients admitted with elevated blood glucose without known diabetes, have impaired outcome. Therefore intensive glucose-lowering therapy with insulin (IGL) has been proposed in diabetic or hyperglycaemic patients and has been shown to improve survival and reduce incidence of ...

Most elderly patients with type 2 diabetes require, or will eventually require, insulin to achieve or maintain their glycemic goals. However, insulin therapy remains underused in this population. The goal of this review is to evaluate the role of insulin therapy in elderly patients and identify strategies to improve its ...

BACKGROUND: Lipin 1 is a recently discovered multifunctional protein involved in the metabolism of lipids, while PPARγ is involved in adipocyte differentiation, and regulation of lipid metabolism. Up to now, LPIN1 and PPARG gene polymorphisms have been associated with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and central obesity. In this study, ...

Objective: The goal of this article is to provide guidance in prescribing insulin for older adults. Background: The prevalence of diabetes increases with age, with almost 30% of the elderly population diagnosed with this metabolic disorder. Along with the well-documented microvascular and microvascular complications of diabetes, older adults are at ...

With approximately 400 million people worldwide today being obese, we are facing a major public health problem due to the increasing prevalence of the related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease. To date, pharmacological treatment of obesity has been largely unsuccessful, only achieving modest and ...

Intravenous insulin therapy is the gold standard therapy for glycaemic control in hyperglycaemic critically ill adult patients. However, hypoglycaemia remains a major concern in critically ill patients, even in some populations who are not receiving infused insulin. Furthermore, the influence of factors such as glycaemic variability and nutritional support may ...

Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone secreted from the stomach, exists in the circulation in two isoforms: des-acyl and acyl ghrelin. Acylation by the enzyme ghrelin O-acyl-transferase (GOAT) enables ghrelin to activate the ghrelin receptor. This review discusses recent findings illustrating the role of acyl ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and GOAT in regulating ...

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of insulin refusal amongst Singaporean patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, to compare perceptions regarding insulin therapy use between patients who were willing to use insulin and those who were not and to identify demographic factors that might predict insulin ...

To address whether nondihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker added-on angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy ameliorates albuminuria and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients. The Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial-B was a multicentre, prospective, double-blind, parallel-group trial comparing renal and cardiovascular outcomes in 281 hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria randomized to at ...

Diabetic complications in the lower extremities, especially those secondary to diabetic macroangiopathy, have increasingly become a clinical emergency, given the high prevalence and progression of the disease. Until recently, the only approach to treating advanced stage disease was medical therapy and major amputation; however, the advent of revascularization procedures has ...

OBJECTIVE: Clinical trials have demonstrated that in individuals with type 1 diabetes the use of CSII pump resulted in better glucose control. Advantages of pumps therapy include many features such as the bolus calculators (wizard). These features are optional and therefore it is important to determine whether their use is ...

Obesity is a common disorder, and related diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Westerntype societies. Development of obesity is associated with extensive modifications in adipose tissue involving adipogenesis, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix proteolysis. The fibrinolytic (plasminogen/plasmin) and ...

Incretin-based therapies (subcutaneously administered glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] agonists and oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) represent a new mechanism of action with which to target the adverse effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both classes of incretins are excellent choices for patients who have jobs that do not permit use of insulin ...

Background: Type 2 diabetes and diabetic dyslipidemia are high-risk conditions for cardiovascular disease. However, the description of the distribution of blood lipids in diabetic patients has not been based on population-based surveys. The aim of this study was to describe diabetic dyslipidemia in a large unselected sample of patients from ...

Many would argue that the introduction of modern-day diabetes management started 30 years ago with the introduction of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) at home. While that may be true, it is interesting that many of today's fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Furthermore, the technology itself continues to ...

The introduction of the so-called 'designer' insulins, the insulin analogues, has offered new opportunities in the clinical management of diabetes. Two additional new entities are close to reaching clinical practice. Linjeta™ (formally called VIAject) is not an analogue but rather a different formulation of human insulin which may give it ...

Aging is characterized by a progressive increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which approaches 20% by age 70 years. Older patients with T2DM are a very heterogeneous group with multiple comorbidities, an increased risk of hypoglycemia, and a greater susceptibility to adverse effects of antihyperglycemic drugs, ...

The surgical option could represent a valid alternative to medical therapy in some diabetic patients. However, no data are available on long-term effects of metabolic surgery on diabetic complications. We aimed to determine whether patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes who underwent bilio-pancreatic diversion (BPD) had less micro- and ...

Insulin has an important role in the treatment of diabetic patients. Further, it can result in undesirable side effects. One of the problems that are associated with insulin therapy is allergic reactions. Although insulin allergy is uncommon, especially in patients with type-2 diabetes, but when it occurs, its management can ...

Objective: In previous studies we and others have shown that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats is associated with vascular oxidative stress and dysfunction. In the present study, we sought to determine whether vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress strictly depend on insulin deficiency. Methods: The effects of insulin (2.5 U/day s.c., ...

Bioactive components from bitter melon (BM) have been reported to improve glucose metabolism in vivo, but definitive studies on efficacy and mechanism of action are lacking. We sought to investigate the effects of BM bioactives on body weight, muscle lipid content and insulin signaling in mice fed a high-fat diet ...

Drugs that improve chronic hyperglycemia independently of insulin signaling or reduction of adiposity or dietary fat intake may be highly desirable. Ad36, a human adenovirus, promotes glucose uptake in vitro independently of adiposity or proximal insulin signaling. We tested the ability of Ad36 to improve glycemic control in vivo and ...

This present study was undertaken to examine treating effects of St. John's Wort (SJW) extract on nociceptive perception of STZ-diabetic animals based on its potential antidiabetic and antinociceptive activities. One week administrations of SJW extract (125 and 250mg/kg) induced significant decrease in high blood glucose levels of three weeks STZ-diabetic ...

The diabetic heart becomes metabolically remodelled as a consequence of exposure to abnormal circulating substrates and hormones. Fatty acid uptake and metabolism are increased in the type 2 diabetic heart, resulting in accumulation of intracellular lipid intermediates and an increased contribution of fatty acids towards energy generation. Cardiac glucose uptake ...

AIM: Recent evidence shows that adult metabolic disease may originate from an adverse fetal environment that can alter organ development and function in postnatal life. This study aimed to analyze the effect of exposure in utero to maternal diabetes on the development of the metabolic syndrome in the offspring. METHODS: ...

Objectives: Diabetes is considered a risk factor in the osseointegration of dental implants, which suggests that these patients might benefit from anabolic therapies. Preclinical studies, including investigations by this research group, revealed that intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone formation on the surface of titanium implants under physiological ...

Cardiovascular disease is common in patients with diabetes and is a significant contributor to the high mortality rates associated with diabetes. Heart failure is common in diabetic patients, even in the absence of coronary artery disease or hypertension, an entity known as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Evidence indicates that myocardial metabolism is ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine circulating levels of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP-4) in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and to investigate the relationships between FABP-4 levels and insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, lipodystrophy and levels of proinflammatory adipocytokines in these ...

Numerous randomized control trials (RCTs) have now questioned the effectiveness and safety of several therapeutic interventions in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Those RCTs that address several therapeutic interventions in T2DM were reviewed. Meta-analysis and ad hoc analysis were excluded. The data from those trials involving self-monitoring of blood glucose, treating ...

OBJECTIVE: Glucosamine is commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. It is available as an over the counter preparation and also as a prescription pharmaceutical. There is concern from animal experiments that glucosamine may alter glucose metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. The objective of this systematic review is to ...

Background  Conventional insulin therapy requires patients with Type 1 diabetes to adhere to rigid dietary and insulin injection practices. Recent trends towards flexible intensive insulin therapy enable patients to match insulin to dietary intake and lifestyle; however, little work has examined patients' experiences of incorporating these practices into real-life contexts. This ...

AIM: To obtain data on efficacy, safety and tolerability of acarbose monotherapy or combination therapy during daily-life treatment. METHODS: This prospective, non-controlled, observational study enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes, whose physician decided that acarbose treatment was appropriate, from China, Middle East, Indonesia, Morocco, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland and Taiwan. The ...

Diabetes and obesity have each become a national health crisis in recent years. The number of people who have diabetes and prediabetes continues to grow with a predicted number of 336 million people worldwide with type 2 diabetes by 2030. The prevalence of diabetes has risen in parallel with the ...

Insulin resistance might be associated with an impaired ability of insulin to stimulate glucose oxidation and inhibit lipid oxidation. Insulin action is also inversely associated with TNF-α system and positively related to adiponectin. The aim of the present study was to analyze the associations between serum adiponectin, soluble TNF-α receptors ...

Diabetes and its micro- and macrovascular complications represent a worldwide epidemic that will place an enormous financial burden on poorer countries in the years to come. In patients with diabetes and hypertension, the main determinant of the cardiovascular and renal benefits of antihypertensive drugs is the blood pressure (BP) level ...

Elucidation of the metabolic profiling in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats is of great assistance for understanding the pathogenesis of DN. In this study, (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements was used to quantitatively analyze the metabolic changes in urine and kidney extracts ...

Medical nutrition therapy is the first line of treatment for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and plays an essential part in the management of type 1 diabetes. Although traditionally advice was focused on carbohydrate quantification, it is now clear that both the amount and type of carbohydrate ...

Objective  Patients with diabetes experience increased cardiovascular complications after cardiac surgery. Hyperglycaemia predicts increased mortality after myocardial infarction and may influence cardiovascular risk in humans. Impaired prosurvival phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome 10 (PTEN)-Akt signaling could be an important feature of the diabetic heart rendering it resistant to preconditioning. ...

True euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis is a rare complication of diabetes. We describe a case of diabetic ketoacidosis in a male with type 2 diabetes and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. He presented with normal plasma glucose as a consequence of starvation, reduced muscle mass and increased body fat.

PURPOSE: To describe the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) systems compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy; to assess the benefits of sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAPT) in patients with type 1 diabetes; and to present an evidence-based ...

Objective: To determine the effects of weight loss on Heart Rate Variability and its association with traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Research design and Methods: 45 patients (BMI; 35.4±0.7kg/m(2), Age; 56.5±1.1yrs) with type 2 diabetes followed an energy restricted diet (6-7MJ/day) ...

The incidence of diabetes mellitus has soared to epidemic proportion worldwide. The debilitating chronic hyperglycemia is caused by either lack of insulin as in diabetes type 1 or its ineffectiveness as in diabetes type 2. Frequent replacement of insulin with or without insulin analogs for optimum glycemic control are the ...

Despite best treatment efforts reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a substantial number of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients still experience progression of cardiovascular risk. Even with intensification of statin therapy, a substantial residual cardiovascular risk remains and atherogenic dyslipidemia is an important driver of this so-called residual risk. Besides statin therapy, ...

studies in younger patients with diabetes have shown that insulin profiles are more physiologic and postprandial glucose levels are lower with repaglinide than with glyburide. We conducted this study to determine if the differences in insulin/glucose profiles between repaglinide and glyburide were similar or different in the elderly. thirteen elderly ...

Although diabetic patients constitute an increasing number of individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and surgical revascularization, they experience worse outcomes than nondiabetic patients. The optimal coronary revascularization strategy in the diabetic population remains unclear in view of advancements in pharmacotherapy and technology of both PCI and surgical revascularization. Data ...

The increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is primarily being driven by the increasing global rates of overweight/obesity. Given the magnitude of this epidemic, we can expect these metabolic abnormalities to play an increasing role in the development of cardiovascular disease. In a pathophysiologic sense, type 2 diabetes is ...

Morning hyperglycaemia in diabetic subjects may be caused by the dawn phenomenon, or the Somogyi effect, or poor glycaemic control. The dawn phenomenon occurs when endogenous insulin secretion decreases or when the effect of the exogenous insulin administered to the patient the day before disappears, together with a physiological increase ...

To evaluate and assess glycemic control, total daily insulin requirements, weight, and patient satisfaction after changing from multiple daily injections (MDI) to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. This was a retrospective cross-sectional cohort analysis of an electronic medical records database from a private ...

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to increase at an alarming rate around the world, with even more people being affected by prediabetes. Although the pathogenesis and long-term complications of type 2 diabetes are fairly well known, its treatment has remained challenging, with only half of the patients achieving ...