A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial abnormalities are involved in diabetes and associated complications. This chapter gives an overview about the effects of diabetes in mitochondrial function of several tissues including the pancreas, skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver, and brain. The realization that mitochondria are at the intersection ...

Background: Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular complications in persons with diabetes. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is the 'cornerstone' for assessment of lipoprotein-associated risk. However, LDL-C levels do not reflect the classic 'diabetic dyslipidemia' of hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Measurements of plasma apolipoprotein B100 concentrations and non-HDL-C ...

Although obesity is a complex metabolic disorder often associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and Type 2 diabetes, as well as with accelerated atherosclerosis, the molecular changes in obesity that promote these disorders are not completely understood. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how increased adipose tissue mass affects whole ...

Various digestive tract procedures effectively improve metabolic syndrome, especially the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Very good metabolic results have been shown with vertical gastrectomy and entero-omentectomy; however, the metabolic effects of an isolated entero-omentectomy have not been previously studied. Nine patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a ...

applying the principles of the hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic clamp technique we have introduced glucose and insulin administration while maintaining normoglycemia (GIN therapy) to surgical patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel computer software (GIN Computer Software [GINCS]) program using an algorithm based on the original clamp equation and ...

The development of immunotherapies for T1DM has lagged the development T2DM drugs, but with more clarity around regulatory requirements, large pharmaceutical companies have recently entered the field to support late stage programs. This clarity around regulatory expectations has emerged because of the convergence among regulators and clinical experts in how ...

studies investigating the effect of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) combined with pump therapy on glycemic outcomes in type 1 diabetes are increasing. Pump therapy is well established as a "gold standard" for insulin delivery, offering improvements over multiple daily insulin injections. However, there is still a proportion of subjects ...

insulin therapy is effective predominantly when dosage is frequently adjusted. However, a controversy surrounds the pertinent clinical parameters required to make effective and safe frequent dosage adjustments. We hypothesize that glucose readings are sufficient to adjust insulin dosage provided that dosage is adjusted every 1-4 weeks. to test the hypothesis, ...

New developments in hypertension and diabetes mellitus in 2010 have been dominated by the search for a consensus on the aims of blood pressure control and on diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus, both of which have featured in the clinical studies and guidelines published throughout the year. These two risk ...

A 15-year-old female presented to a pediatric emergency department with glycosuria, ketonuria, and hyperglycemia and was admitted with a presumed diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The patient required no insulin therapy and only minor dietary modification to maintain euglycemia. Clinical examination and laboratory findings revealed a primary diagnosis of Graves' hyperthyroidism ...

Knowing that maternal diabetes is related to hyperglycemia and fetal hyperinsulinemia, which affect the lipid metabolism, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Malpighia emarginata (acerola) juice on the glycemic and lipid profile of offspring of diabetic and nondiabetic Wistar rats. The adult offspring of non-diabetic ...

Background: We assessed the efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of insulin pump therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who were suboptimally controlled with a multiple daily injection (MDI) regimen. Methods: In this subanalysis of a 16-week multicenter study, 21 insulin-pump-naïve patients [age 57 ± 13 years, ...

Both repaglinide and gliclazide are insulin secretagogues widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. They stimulate insulin secretion through distinct mechanisms and may benefit patients from different aspects. The present study was to evaluate the effects of repaglinide or gliclazide on glycaemic control, insulin secretion, and lipid profiles ...

With growing urbanization and economic development, there is a rapid increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India. T2DM is associated with 2-4 times higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Several studies have shown the benefit of ...

The goal of this article is to present the importance of diabetes mellitus as comorbidity in patients submitting to different surgical procedures. The results of numerous studies that have been presented here showed worst surgical outcome in patients with bad diabetes control. This review considers the elements for preoperative evaluation ...

Insulin is the most potent agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However insulin treatment requires frequent evaluation of blood glucose levels and adjustment of the insulin dose. This process is called titration. To guide patients with type 2 diabetes using once-daily long-acting insulin, we have developed a web-based decision ...

Although intensive glycaemic and blood pressure control have reduced the risks of micro- and macrovascular complications, diabetes remains a major cause of cardiovascular events, end-stage renal failure, blindness and neuropathy. It is therefore imperative to understand the underlying mechanisms and to establish effective treatments to prevent, retard or reverse diabetic ...

Metabolic complications of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients include insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and lipodystrophy syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is an aggregation of central obesity with glucose and lipid metabolism alterations that confers an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which reproduces the antiretroviral-associated metabolic and morphological abnormalities. In this study, ...

Patients with diabetes mellitus and symptomatic coronary artery disease are also likely to be hypertensive and, overall, are at very high cardiovascular (CV) risk. This paper reports the findings of a posthoc analysis of the 1113 patients with diabetes mellitus in the ACTION trial: ACTION itself showed that outcomes in ...

It is important for patients that treatments for diabetes not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk. The objective of this analysis was to examine retrospectively the CV safety of exenatide BID, a GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for treating hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes not adequately controlled with diet and exercise. ...

Diabetes mellitus is associated with deterioration of glycemic control and progressive metabolic derangements. This study investigated the effect of honey as an adjunct to glibenclamide or metformin on glycemic control in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin. The diabetic rats were randomized into six groups and ...

Diabetes mellitus and obesity are both related to the risk of cardiovascular disease and sudden death. In hypertensive guidelines, diabetes and obesity, especially abdominal obesity, are regarded as high-risk factors. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is an established method for the management of hypertension. However, ABPM is not a standard ...

Obesity has become a global epidemic over the past few decades because of unhealthy dietary habits and reduced physical activity. Hypertension and diabetes are quite common among obese individuals and there is a linear relationship between the degree of obesity and these diseases. Lifestyle interventions like dietary modifications and regular ...

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a hormone secreted predominantly by the distal small intestine and colon and released in response to enteral nutrient exposure. GLP-1-based therapies are now used widely in the management of type 2 diabetes and have the potential to be effective antiobesity agents. Although widely known as ...

Insulin therapy is associated with weight gain in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several peptides are implicated in appetite control. We evaluated the effects of insulin-induced improved glycaemic control on leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels and patient characteristics. Consecutive T2DM patients (n = 90) were divided ...

This study aimed to compare the glucose-lowering effect and glycemic variability of insulin glargine with those of insulin detemir. This was an open-label, single-center, randomized, two-way crossover study in patients with diabetes on basal-bolus insulin therapy, with neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin as basal insulin. Patients switched from NPH insulin ...

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing dramatically throughout the world. Studies have shown that excess adiposity is a critical predictor of new onset T2DM. This meta-analysis is aimed to assess the metabolic effects of fluoxetine in T2DM. Electronic search was conducted in the database Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, and ...

Due to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, new dietary solutions are needed to help improve glucose and lipid metabolism in persons at high risk of developing the disease. Herein we investigated the effects of low-insulin-response grain products, fatty fish, and berries on glucose metabolism and plasma lipidomic profiles ...

A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of initiating insulin treatment with insulin glargine or insulin detemir for type 2 diabetes in a routine clinical practice setting. Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane literature databases were searched to identify published "real world" reports. Studies were included in the review if ...

This paper reviews recent patents and development related to bromocriptine and other dopaminergic agents, being used or suggested for use in the management of diabetes. The article discusses the contribution of dopaminergic pathways to glucose, energy and weight homeostasis. The mechanism of action of bromocriptine, its pharmacological properties, efficacy, safety ...

Type 2 diabetes is increasing in prevalence and causes a significant health care burden due to associated microvascular and macrovascular complications. Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed by clinical findings of hyperglycemia and laboratory confirmation of elevated plasma glucose. Initial therapy includes diet and exercise, followed by the use of oral ...

In this study, we investigate the effect of argan oil consumption on serum lipids, apolipoproteins (AI and B), CRP, and LDL susceptibility to oxidation in type 2 diabetic patients which are known to have a high level of cardiovascular risk due to lipid abnormalities and lipid peroxidation. For that, 86 ...

Diabetic wounds remain a major medical challenge with often disappointing outcomes despite the best available care. An impaired response to tissue hypoxia and insufficient angiogenesis are major factors responsible for poor healing in diabetic wounds. Here we show that the antimycotic drug ciclopirox olamine (CPX) can induce therapeutic angiogenesis in ...

Obesity increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and this in turn correlates with an elevated probability of long-term diabetes complications once diabetes is established. Interventions aimed at lowering weight via changes in diet and lifestyle have repeatedly been shown to improve glycemic control in patients with ...

The incidence of diabetes and related complications like nephropathy is growing rapidly and has become a major health care issue. Changes in the environment and nutritional habits have been implicated as major players. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that epigenetic factors may modulate the connections between genes and the ...

Backgroud: Diabetes is strongly associated with increased fracture risk. During T1-diabetes onset, levels of blood glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokines (including TNFα) are increased. At the same time, levels of osteoblast markers are rapidly decreased and stay decreased 40 days later at which point bone loss is clearly evident. Inflammation is ...

It is generally accepted that in adult type 1 diabetes patients (T1D) continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via a personal pump is more effective than the multiple daily injections (MDI) model. However, it is not clear whether all age groups of adult T1D patients may equally benefit from CSII therapy. ...

Growth hormone (GH) inhibits fat accumulation and promotes protein accretion, therefore the fall in GH observed with weight gain and normal aging may contribute to metabolic dysfunction. To directly test this hypothesis a novel mouse model of adult onset-isolated GH deficiency (AOiGHD) was generated by cross breeding rat GH promoter-driven ...

Bolus insulin calculators (BCs) became available in insulin pumps in 2002 and are being integrated into glucose meters and portable device applets for use with multiple daily injections. A retrospective analysis of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion data from the Actual Pump Practices (APP) study is used in this article to ...

ABSTRACT: The development of a hybrid PET/CT led to the recognition of the enhanced glycolysis in brown fat. We report a previously unrecognized mechanism for altered fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) biodistribution with diffuse white adipose tissue uptake. This occurred during a restaging scan for cervical cancer following administration of insulin in the ...

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and complications related to obesity contribute substantially to both healthcare costs and mortality. Obesity, particularly when accompanied by an excess of visceral/ectopic fat, is a major risk factor for diseases ranging from insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. The ...

Introduction: The effects of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) infusion were examined in patients on insulin pump therapy to determine whether PP administration can reduce insulin requirements in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM; pancreatogenic). Methods: Ten subjects with long-standing T1DM (n = 7) or ...

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) values is an accepted requirement for patients with diabetes using multiple daily injections of insulin. Nevertheless, for many patients, the full value of SMBG has yet to be realized due to a number of factors that contribute to patients not taking appropriate action based on ...

The pathogenetic mechanisms causing type 2 diabetes are complex, and include a significant reduction of the incretin effect. In patients with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 secretion may be impaired, while GIP secretion seems unaffected. In contrast, the insulinotropic activity of GIP is severely altered, whereas that of GLP-1 is maintained ...

It has long been known that peptide hormones from the gastrointestinal tract have significant impact on the regulation of nutrient metabolism. Among these hormones, incretins have been found to increase insulin secretion, and thus incretin-based therapies have emerged as new modalities for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In contrast ...

GLP-1-modulating therapies are a class of anti-diabetic drugs that improve glycemic control by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. In addition, GLP-1-based therapies have a variety of extrapancreatic effects, including satiety induction and gastric mobility reduction, which extend to distinct cardiovascular actions. GLP-1 was found to reduce infarct size ...

Reducing the burden of long-term complications in type 2 diabetic patients remains a major task, and represents a huge challenge. Whilst tight glycemic control has been shown to reduce the risk of microvascular complications, controversy remains regarding the benefit of intensive treatment in relation to the prevention of cardiovascular events. ...

The goal of insulin therapy in patients with either type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is to match as closely as possible normal physiologic insulin secretion to control fasting and postprandial plasma glucose. Modifications of the insulin molecule have resulted in two long-acting insulin analogs ...

Although various function of chemerin have been suggested, its physiological role remains to be elucidated. Here we show that chemerin-deficient mice are glucose intolerant irrespective of exhibiting reduced macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. The glucose intolerance was mainly due to increased hepatic glucose production and impaired insulin secretion. Chemerin and ...

Tight glycemic control is important in reducing and delaying vascular complications in type 1 and 2 diabetes patients; however, the benefits achieved through strict metabolic control are counterbalanced by an increased risk of hypoglycemia. Glucagon is an effective therapy for treating severe hypoglycemia. Available as an emergency kit, glucagon is ...