Peripheral arterial disease is highly prevalent in patients with diabetes mellitus. Critical limb ischemia is an important component of this disease entity. Early diagnosis, identification of risk factors, and appropriate therapeutic management strategies are needed to aggresively treat this disease. This paper reviews risk factors for critical limb ischemia and ...

Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are chronic inflammatory conditions that lead to hepatic injury and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Bovine colostrum has therapeutic effects in a variety of chronic infections. However its effectiveness in NASH was never studied. Natural killer T (NKT) cells have been shown to be associated with some ...

Aims:  Adding aldosterone receptor blockade to standard renoprotective treatment may provide additional renoprotection in patients with overt nephropathy. We expected an impact of spironolactone in early diabetic nephropathy, and for this hypothesis we studied the effect on markers of glomerular and tubular damage in patients with Type 1 diabetes and ...

AIMS: The underlying mechanism(s) of vulnerability of diabetic myocardium to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury is not fully understood. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) has been reported showing beneficial effect to myocardium on I/R injury. The aims of this study were to test whether diabetes mellitus (DM) affects myocardial levels of IL-33 and to ...

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. To prevent the development of this disease and to improve advanced kidney injury, effective therapies directed toward the key molecular target are required. In this paper, the efficacy of fenugreek to restore the kidney function of diabetic ...

Long term exposure of nanoparticles e.g., silica dust (SiO2) from desert environment, or engineered nanoparticles from metals viz., Cu, Al or Ag from industry, ammunition, military equipment and related products may lead to adverse effects on mental health. However, this is unclear whether these nanoparticles may further adversely affect human ...

Osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) results in medial artery calcification, which is common in diabetes, but the pathogenesis is poorly understood. We aimed to explore the pathophysiological roles of insulin resistance (IR) on medial artery calcification in rats with 10% fructose in drinking water. After 12 weeks ...

Induction of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) lowers blood pressure and reduces organ damage in hypertensive animal models; however, a potential protective role for HO-1 induction against diabetic-induced glomerular injury remains unclear. We hypothesize that HO-1 induction will protect against diabetes-induced glomerular injury by maintaining glomerular integrity and inhibiting renal apoptosis, inflammation and ...

The present study was designed to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying that berberine suppressed ischemic arrhythmias in a rat model of diabetes mellitus (DM). Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were subjected to ischemia by the occlusion of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Berberine was orally administered for 7 days before ...

Diabetes comorbidities include disabling peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and an increased risk of developing cancer. Antimitotic drugs, such as paclitaxel, are well known to facilitate the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy. Practitioners frequently observe the development or co-occurrence of enhanced DPN, especially cold sensitivity, in diabetic patients during chemotherapy. Preclinical studies showed ...

Introduction: Over 39,000 diabetic patients are surgically treated for trauma and orthopaedic injuries annually in the UK, yet the effects of diabetic medications on the skeletal system is an under researched and under acknowledged field. Areas covered: This review covers all English language novel experimental data reports investigating the effects ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of GV (glycaemic variability) in diabetic vascular complications and to explore the molecular pathways modulated by glycaemic 'swings'. We developed a murine model. A total of 30 diabetic mice received once daily basal insulin administration plus two oral boluses ...

Central diabetes insipidus occurs in patients with overwhelming central nervous system injuries, and may be associated with brain death. The clinical picture of children with acquired central diabetes insipidus after acute brain insult is seldom reported. We retrospectively reviewed cases dating from January 2000-February 2008 at a tertiary pediatric intensive ...

Pyruvate is an endogenous anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory substance. The present study was implemented to investigate the protective effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP) against the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in an in-vivo and in-vitro model. Diabetic rats were prepared by injecting streptozotocin (STZ, 65mg/kg). Those that developed diabetes after ...

The pathological development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) might involve metabolic perturbations in kidney tissue. The present study was designed to detect the systematic alterations of renal cortex metabolites thereby exploring the related mechanisms of DKD development and fosinopril treatment. Based on combined gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS) and ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The TGF-β/MAD homologue (SMAD) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signalling pathways have been shown to play a critical role in the development of renal fibrosis and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. We therefore examined whether targeting these pathways by a kidney-targeting Smad7 gene transfer has therapeutic effects on renal lesions ...

A coordinated response by the innate immune system, (micro)circulation and nervous system is needed to limit tissue destruction and to initiate reparative processes after tissue damage. Alterations in danger signals in diabetes can be an important cause of the excessive tissue loss and defective tissue repair after injury and can ...

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus results from a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginine-vasopressin (AVP). Treatment is based on replacement therapy with the hormone analog desmopressin (d-DAVP). d-DAVP can be administered subcutaneously to infants or patients with postoperative or posttraumatic brain injury being monitored for transient diabetes insipidus. Intranasal ...

Type 2 diabetes is a key risk factor for ischemia-dependent pathology; therefore, a significant medical need exists to develop novel therapies that increase the formation of new vessels. We explored the therapeutic potential of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFRtk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibition in impaired ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Poststroke hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus are associated with lower thrombolytic efficacy and an increased risk of postischemic cerebral hemorrhage. We aimed to develop a rodent model of thrombolysis in diabetic stroke that mimics the clinical situation.Method-Male 6-week Type I diabetic rats (14 weeks old) were subjected to ...

Aims The role of nitric oxide (NO) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury and diabetes. The aim of the study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (3-BNI), a potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor against ...

Insulin and the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system have independent benefits for ischemia-reperfusion injury, but their combination has not been tested. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of insulin+captopril on insulin/angiotensin signaling pathways and cardiac function in the isolated heart subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. Isolated hearts were perfused (Langendorff technique) ...

Oxidative stress contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy. This study explored the role of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Phosphorothioated antisense (AS) or sense (S) oligonucleotides for Nox4 were administered for 2 weeks to rats made diabetic by ...

PURPOSE: Significant glycemic excursions (so-called glucose variability) affect the outcome of generic critically ill patients but has not been well studied in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of glucose variability on long-term functional outcome of patients with TBI. MATERIAL ...

Nothing is known about actions of levobupivacaine, a long-acting local anaesthetic belonging to the amino amide group, in diabetes-induced neuropathic pain conditions. In this study, we therefore investigated the possible antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects of levobupivacaine in diabetic animal model. Actions of systemically (intraperitoneal) or locally (intraplantar) administrated levobupivacaine on ...

Diabetic nephropathy is the most serious complication in diabetes mellitus. It is known that oxidative stress and inflammation play a central role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we investigated that ferulic acid (FA) known as anti-oxidative agent could effect on diabetic nephropathy by anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory ...

Introduction.  Icariin has been shown to improve penile hemodynamics in animal models of erectile dysfunction from cavernous nerve injury and castration. The effects of icariin on penile hemodynamics in diabetic animals remain to be determined. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related erectile dysfunction. ...

Diabetes is one of the major risk factors for ischemic stroke and is reported to aggravate the ischemic brain damage in different experimental models as well as clinical situations. However, the mechanisms underlying the exacerbated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury associated with comorbid diabetes are still not clear. This study investigated ...

Depletion of blood glutathione (GSH), a key antioxidant, is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and contributes to the pathophysiology of diabetes complications. The aim of the current study was to determine whether acute normalization of blood glucose would restore GSH kinetics in adolescents with poorly controlled T1D. Ten ...

PURPOSE:: The aims of this study were to evaluate subclinical pulmonary injury in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who showed normal chest radiograph and pulmonary function test results by using technetium-99 hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (Tc-99m-HMPAO) scintigraphy and to investigate the relationship between Tc-99m-HMPAO lung uptake and duration of diabetes, ...

OBJECTIVESkeletal muscle myopathy is a common diabetes complication. One possible cause of myopathy is myocyte failure to repair contraction-generated plasma membrane injuries. Here, we test the hypothesis that diabetes induces a repair defect in skeletal muscle myocytes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSMyocytes in intact muscle from type 1 (INS2(Akita+/-)) and type 2 ...

Diabetes mellitus-associated ischemic heart disease is a major public burden in industrialized countries. Reperfusion to a previously ischemic myocardium is obligatory to reinstate its function prior to irreversible damage. However, reperfusion is considered 'a double-edged sword' as reperfusion per se could augment myocardial ischemic damage, known as myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) ...

To determine 1) whether renal arginase activity or expression is increased in diabetes and 2) whether arginase plays a role in development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The impact of arginase activity and expression on renal damage was evaluated in spontaneously diabetic Ins2(Akita) mice and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Dilute Brown ...

Over the last years our knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has been enriched by the discovery of new molecules emerging as novel risk factors. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble glycoprotein, member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related superfamily, involved in bone resorption. It was ...

Diabetic retinopathy is associated with hyperglycaemia, and there is convincing evidence that oxidative stress (the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)) measured indirectly in patients, is related to the severity of diabetic complications. Also, reducing such stress by various means, including drugs and reducing hyperglycaemia, decreases the rate of development ...

In patients with diabetes, nerve injury is a common complication that leads to chronic pain, numbness and substantial loss of quality of life. Good glycemic control can decrease the incidence of diabetic neuropathy, but more than half of all patients with diabetes still develop this complication. There is no approved ...

The mechanisms underlying diabetic encephalopathy, are only partially understood. In this study, we try to address the mechanisms of diabetes induced damage and whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could attenuate the degenerative changes in diabetic hippocampus in a rodent model of diabetes. Diabetes was induced in rats by an intraperitoneal injection ...

Growing evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with age-dependent Alzheimer's disease (AD), the latter of which has even been considered as type 3 diabetes. Several physiopathological features including hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and dysfunctional insulin signaling relate DM to AD. In this study, high glucose-, oxidative stress-induced ...

Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of glutathione on the electroretinogram (ERG) in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ: 60 mg/kg) was injected into male RCC Wistar rats to induce hyperglycemia, with buffer instead of STZ injected into age-matched non-diabetic controls. After 8 ...

Overuse tendon injuries present with pain and swelling of the affected tendon with associated decrease in exercise tolerance and function of the limb. After early inflammatory and degenerative hypotheses, the term "tendinopathy" is now deemed a more appropriate reflection of the mixed histopathological picture seen in operative biopsies from affected ...

Hyperglycemia has been postulated to be cardiotoxic. We addressed the hypothesis that uncontrolled blood glucose induces myocardial damage in diabetic patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery receiving continuous insulin infusion in the immediate postoperative period. Our primary aim was to assess the degree of tight glycemic control for ...

Background/Aims: The c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is activated in human kidney diseases and promotes renal injury in experimental glomerulonephritis. In this study, we examined whether JNK signaling plays a role in the development of diabetic nephropathy or in regulating hypertension, which exacerbates diabetic renal injury. Methods: Diabetes was ...

Impaired diabetic wound healing (WH) constitutes a serious diabetic complication with increased morbidity, mortality and health expenditure. The exact pathogenetic mechanisms have not been fully clarified. A variety of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress related factors, have been proposed, including advanced glycaction end products (AGE). The existing literature data, support the ...

There is now substantial epidemiological evidence that diabetes is a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. The protection by vanadium from focal cerebral ischemia in diabetic rats was studied in this paper. Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 4 weeks of administration of 0.6 mg/ml sodium ...

Studies suggest that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition reduces end-organ damage in cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesize that sEH gene (Ephx2) knock out (KO) improves endothelial function and reduces renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. After 6 weeks of diabetes, afferent arteriolar relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired in diabetic wild type (WT) ...

BACKGROUND: The interaction of diabetes with cardioprotection by postconditioning in ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the concomitant effects of ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) and cyclosporine-A (CsA) on nitric oxide (NO) content and parameters of cardiac function of the diabetic myocardium injured by ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: ...

The present study was undertaken to characterize the effects of Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS), a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula consisting of six herbal medicines, on diabetic nephropathy. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were orally administrated DSS (2.8 g kg(-1) per day) for 12 consecutive weeks. DSS partially decreased the high plasma glucose level in ...

Background/Aims: Studies have shown that kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is upregulated in damaged renal proximal tubules. In this study, we examined KIM-1 expression in glomerular epithelial cells in diabetic glomerulopathy. Methods: Renal histology, immunostaining and Western blot for protein level, and real-time PCR for mRNA expression of KIM-1 and podocyte ...

Burn injury is associated with inflammatory responses and metabolic alterations including insulin resistance. Impaired insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-mediated insulin signal transduction is a major component of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle following burn injury. To further investigate molecular mechanisms that underlie burn injury-induced insulin resistance, we study a role of ...

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) or postconditioning (Ipost) is proved to efficiently prevent ischemia/reperfusion injuries. Mortality of diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction was found to be 2-6 folds higher than that of non-diabetic patients with same myocardial infarction, which may be in part due to diabetic inhibition of IPC- and Ipost-mediated ...