BACKGROUND: Increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes cannot be attributed to the higher prevalence of classic risk factors. IMPORTANCE OF POSTPRANDIAL HYPERGLYCEMIA: Most of the cardiovascular risk factors have shown to be directly related to the degree of postprandial glycemia (PPG). PPG should be recognized as a marker for the increased ...

Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a fundamental part of diabetes management. It is mandatory for tight glucose control. For the past 30 years, intermittent measurement of capillary blood glucose has been the method of choice for self-monitoring. The main disadvantage of such measurements is that they provide isolated glucose values ...

Sunitinib, a multitargeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, extends survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Between October 2005 and March 2007, we retrospectively reviewed blood glucose level variations associated with sunitinib therapy in patients treated for mRCC. Nineteen of the patients had type II diabetes. All ...

The objective of this study is to describe current self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) practice for patients with type 2 diabetes by treatment type and adherence with healthcare professional advice concerning SMBG. In addition, the study aims to investigate the association of SMBG and self-reported episodes of low blood glucose. ...

AIMS: To determine whether differences in beliefs about diabetes and its treatment resulted from different intensities of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in non-insulin treated patients with Type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Glycaemic Education and Monitoring (DiGEM) trial. METHODS: Patients (n = 453) were randomized to usual care, less-intensive ...

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are well known complications in ?-thalassemia major (TM). In recent years new technologies have become available for the management of these conditions, including the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). We implanted CGMS in six TM patients with abnormal glucose homeostasis after an ...

The glucose monitor with a screen-printed carbon sensor has been in commercial production since 1994. In last 15 years, around 10 companies have been involved in manufacturing and marketing the meters and glucose test strips and are being strong competitors of the companies which import these products. Comparison of early ...

Most blood glucose monitoring systems need coding to correct for variation in lots of enzyme, which leads to differences in lots of strips. About 16% of patients miscode the meters, although the magnitude of the miscoding is unstudied. This miscoding has the potential to cause errors as high as 30% ...

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) is the latest technological breakthrough in diabetes care. Despite its limitations of lag time between sensor and blood glucose, the need for calibration, false detection of and failure to detect hypoglycemia, and mild discomfort or skin irritation reported in some users, RT-CGM is a highly ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The noninvasive measurement of glycaemia is a topic of great interest and is rapidly changing; novelties have emerged frequently in the last years. The aim of the present review is to briefly present the main technologies in the field and the devices recently developed based on them. ...

This observational study assessed metabolic control in young, active professionals with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with or without the use of a bolus calculator. Eighteen patients aged 19 - 51 years with diabetes duration of 6 - 22 years were included; eight patients used ...

BACKGROUND: Our objective is to evaluate the Medtronic CGMS continuous glucose monitoring system and plasma glucose (PG) measurement performed in a monitoring schedule as tools to identify individuals with type 1 diabetes at risk when diving. METHODS: We studied 24 adults, 12 type 1 diabetes subjects and 12 controls, during ...

The highly sensitive urine glucose meter based on amperometric glucose sensor was developed and commercialized. It shows remarkable performances of wide measurement range in 0-2000 mgdl(-1), rapid response time as 6s and robustness against influence by interferents like ascorbic acid or acetaminophen. Correlation between the developed urine glucose meter and ...

OBJECTIVE: The use of a real time continuous glucose monitoring system (RT-CGM) was studied as a behavior modification tool and the effectiveness of a RT-CGM in glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes was determined. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled clinical trial in 65 patients with ...

A clinically important task in diabetes management is the prevention of hypo/hyperglycemic events. The availability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices allow to develop new strategies, but new problems have also emerged. In this contribution, we discuss three major challenges which, in practical real time CGM applications, should be dealt ...

Stress hyperglycemia recently became a major therapeutic target in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) since it occurs in most critically ill patients and is associated with adverse outcome, including increased mortality. Intensive insulin therapy to achieve normoglycemia may reduce mortality, morbidity and the length of ICU and in-hospital stay. However, ...

Over the past decade, several continuous glucose monitoring systems have been developed, representing remarkable technological achievements. Most of the systems monitor glucose invasively in the subcutaneous tissue. It is important to realize that there are discrepancies between blood and interstitial glucose concentration, which (1) may impact the quality of the ...

Maintaining near-normal glycaemia in all patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a standard and a well accepted recommendation. Unfortunately, most people with DM do not achieve this clinical goal because of marked glycaemic fluctuations and hypoglycaemia. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) has been introduced recently into clinical practice offering ...

Accurate and reliable devices sensing glucose on a (near)-continuous basis may facilitate specific therapeutic adjustments that need to be made to avoid hypo- and hyperglycaemic excursions, thereby improving metabolic control. Current continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems indicate the glucose level, the direction and magnitude of change of glucose levels, and ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the FreeStyle Navigator Continuous Glucose Monitoring System when used by adult patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes requiring insulin in the home environment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Multicenter, prospective study enrolling 137 subjects. This was a two-phase study consisting of 20 ...

BACKGROUND: HbA1c levels are influenced by the glycemic control of previous 2-3 months. Sometimes patients have surprisingly low HbA1c in spite of many correctly measured high blood glucose values, which is difficult to explain. As glucose sensors give an objective picture based on glucose readings several times per minute over ...

Improvements in accuracy of real-time continuous glucose monitoring facilitate the development of closed-loop systems consisting of a continuous glucose monitor, a control algorithm, and an insulin pump. Closed-loop systems can be divided according to the way meal delivery is handled as "fully closed-loop" or "closed-loop" with meal announcement systems. Depending ...

With more and more continuous glucose monitoring devices entering the market, the importance of adequate accuracy assessment grows. This review discusses pros and cons of Regression Analysis and Correlation Coefficient, Relative Difference measures, Bland Altman plot, ISO criteria, combined curve fitting, and epidemiological analyses, the latter including sensitivity, specificity and ...

The prevalence of type 1 diabetes continues to increase worldwide at a rate higher than previously projected, while the number of patients achieving American Diabetes Association (ADA) glycated hemoglobin (A1c) goals remains suboptimal. There are numerous barriers to patients achieving A1c targets including increased frequency of severe hypoglycemia associated with ...

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an evolving technology poised to redefine current concepts of glycemic control and optimal diabetes management. To date, there are few randomized studies examining how to most effectively use this new tool. Therefore, a group of eight diabetes specialists heard presentations on continuous glucose sensor technology ...

Diabetes is a chronic disease that is characterized by a person having too high blood sugar levels due to the deficiency of insulin. If left untreated, there is serious risk for development of cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, blindness, nerve damage, etc. Currently, this condition is treated by constant monitoring combined ...

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) by means of modern glucose meters is of relevance for all patients with diabetes. It not only provides important information about the effect of therapeutic interventions on metabolic control, but about the effect of exercise and meals as well. Therefore, it is an essential part ...

As reimbursement continues to decline for diabetes management technologies and practice overhead continues to rise, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the current reimbursement environment for new technological innovations in diabetes care. The current environment demands a strong partnership among providers, key stakeholder groups, and industry to advocate for ...

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that glucose can be measured continuously and reliably in patients in diverse settings using a transdermal biosensor coupled to a permeated skin site. In addition, we compared a novel, abrasion-based skin permeation method to an ultrasound-based method for transdermal continuous glucose monitoring. METHOD: Transdermal continuous ...

OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews evaluating the efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis of RCTs among patients with DM not taking insulin comparing patients with SMBG versus those without SMBG and ...

INTRODUCTION: Glucose test strips vary slightly from batch to batch. These variations are accounted for by a batch-specific "code": a set of parameters defining the relationship between the signal change induced on the glucose test strip and the blood glucose concentration. METHODS: We assessed the impact on accuracy of miscoding ...

Devices that measure glucose on a near-continuous basis may provide a better insight into glycemic profiles, allowing patients with diabetes to make therapeutic adjustments to improve metabolic control, thereby reducing the risk of diabetic complications. Motivated and technologically adept patients with brittle diabetes, hypoglycemia unawareness, diabetic pregnancy, or who use ...

The first retrospective continuous glucose monitor entered the market in 1999. Now that this tool gives online data, the question arises whether it is ready to be incorporated into a closed-loop system. The author discusses the following questions: (1) Is the accuracy of current continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems good ...

OBJECTIVES: The proper use of many types of self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) meters requires calibration to match strip code. Studies have demonstrated the occurrence and impact on insulin dose of coding errors with SMBG meters. This paper reflects additional analyses performed with data from Raine et al. (JDST, 2:205-210, 2007). ...

Advancements in subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring and subcutaneous insulin delivery are stimulating the development of a minimally invasive artificial pancreas that facilitates optimal glycemic regulation in diabetes. The key component of such a system is the blood glucose controller for which different design strategies have been investigated in the literature. ...

Biomedical engineering research efforts have accomplished another level of a "technological solution" for diabetes: an artificial pancreas to be used by patients and supervised by healthcare professionals at any time and place. Reliability of continuous glucose monitoring, availability of real-time programmable insulin pumps, and validation of safe and efficient control ...

BACKGROUND: Abbott Diabetes Care introduced the FreeStyle Lite blood glucose monitoring system, which simplifies the management of diabetes. The FreeStyle Lite system relies on FreeStyle technology but eliminates the need for coding the meter for individual strip lots. The meter is precoded for the FreeStyle Lite strips. FreeStyle systems use ...

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to compare blood glucose levels measured by a point of care (POC) device to laboratory measurement using the same sample venous blood from patients with suspected diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). METHODS: A descriptive correlational design was used for this IRB-approved quality assurance project. The ...

Hystricomorph rodents have a divergent insulin molecule with only 1-10% of the biological activity in comparison to other mammalian species. In this study, we used the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum as a model and performed blood glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) with trained and untrained individuals to evaluate blood glucose regulation ...

BACKGROUND: The term self-monitoring is often used in the literature on type 2 diabetes mellitus management. The term is generally used to refer to patients measuring their blood glucose levels with a glucose meter. However, for patients with diabetes mellitus to effectively manage their disease they need to effectively monitor ...

BACKGROUND: Point of care (POC) glucose meters are routinely used to monitor glucose levels for patients on tight glycemic control therapy. We determined if glucose values were different for a POC glucose meter as compared to the main clinical laboratory for medical intensive care unit patients on a tight glycemic ...

Several studies have shown that patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus can significantly delay the onset and slow down the progression of diabetes micro- and macro-angiopathic complications through intensive monitoring and treatment. In general, intensive treatments imply a careful blood glucose level self-monitoring. The analysis of blood glucose level measurements is ...

ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in re-evaluating the biological and clinical meaning of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) in light of recent research that suggests an "accurate conversion algorithm" that would result in an "A1c-derived" average glucose may be possible, resulting in laboratories reporting HbA(1c) accompanied by its mean blood glucose ...

ABSTRACT Patients and many physicians believe that modern blood glucose meters provide reliable results under all circumstances. The aim of this (mini-)review is to critically review a number of aspects that should be taken into account for successful self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Usage and practical knowledge of patients about ...

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has recently been incorporated into routine diabetes management because of the potential advantages it offers for glycemic control. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of the use of real-time CGM together with a telemedicine system in hemoglobin A1c and glucose variability ...

ABSTRACT Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a fundamental and effective principle in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). SMBG is a precise and accurate clinical tool in the treatment of glycemia and facilitates tight glycemic control. Recent studies have shown that frequent SMBG improves metabolic control and ...

ABSTRACT Up to the mid-1950s, evaluating the degree of glycemic control relied upon determining the concentration of glucose in the urine while acknowledging the inherent difficulties in interpretation. Progress was made from the original Benedict's test, when Benedict's solution was added to the urine sample to be tested, followed by ...

ABSTRACT The American Diabetes Association recommends that individuals with type 2 diabetes should utilize self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) as a means of assessing the efficacy of their medication to monitor for and prevent asymptomatic hypoglycemia, though the optimal frequency of SMBG and its impact in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes ...

From a pathophysiological point of view, type 2 diabetes is a well-characterised disease, since the glycaemic disorders result from three main mechanisms (the De Fronzo's triumvirate): a defect of beta-cell function, decreased disposal of glucose in peripheral tissues and overproduction of glucose by the liver. Each defect is subject to ...

ABSTRACT Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a cornerstone in glucose management. This paper is an oversight article and describes epidemiological and practical aspects of SMBG. It looks into the worldwide frequency of diabetes, the correlation of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the effect of SMBG itself upon HbA1c, ...