Both oral and intravenous administration of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has been investigated as add-on treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The recent Neurological Assessment of Thioctic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy (NATHAN) 1 trial has shown that 4-year oral ALA administration is of some value in achieving a clinically meaningful improvement and ...

PURPOSE: In type 2 diabetes, the optimal stage to introduce insulin can be unclear. We compared the incidence of subsequent vascular disease between treatment regimens, that is, adding another oral glucose-lowering drug (OGLD) versus starting insulin treatment. METHODS: People with poor control on OGLDs who intensified treatment (2000-2007) were grouped ...

Oral repaglinide (GlucoNorm®; NovoNorm®; Prandin®; Surepost®) is a rapid-acting insulin secretagogue that lowers postprandial glucose (PPG) excursions by targeting early-phase insulin release, with reductions in PPG considered to be important in reducing long-term cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Repaglinide, a carbamoylbenzoic acid derivative, is chemically related to the meglitinide class ...

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability, and its prevalence is increasing. When diet fails, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prescribed oral hypoglycemics for glycemic control. Few studies have explored initial use or change from initial oral hypoglycemic therapy in the primary care setting. ...

In this work, we designed and developed a two-stage delivery system composed of enteric capsule and cationic nanoparticles for oral delivery of insulin. The enteric capsule was coated with pH-sensitive hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HP55), which could selectively release insulin from nanoparticles in the intestinal tract, instead of stomach. The biodegradable ...

Aim:  To characterize the numbers of reagent strips dispensed for self-monitoring of blood glucose to patients with Type 2 diabetes in Tayside, Scotland, in 1993, 1999 and 2009. Methods:  A diabetes clinical information system in Tayside, record-linked to electronic dispensed prescribing records, was used to collate all dispensed prescribing records for ...

Epidemiological studies have linked small birth weight and lack of breastfeeding to type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine if (i) small birth weight promotes and (ii) suckling prevents the development of adiposity and diabetes biomarkers in a Yucatan miniature pig model. At 3 days of age, the intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) ...

Complexing agents such as diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) are known to disrupt intestinal tight junctions and inhibit intestinal proteases by chelating divalent metal ions. This study attempts to incorporate these benefits of DTPA in functional nanoparticles (NPs) for oral insulin delivery. To maintain the complexing agent concentrated on the ...

BACKGROUND:Although hypoglycemia is a well-recognized complication of type 1 diabetes and insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes, less research exists on hypoglycemia in the large number of patients with type 2 diabetes who are treated with oral antidiabetic agents.OBJECTIVE:To identify predictors of hypoglycemia-related emergency department (ED) and outpatient visits in ...

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effects of colestimide on blood glucose, visceral fat, adipocytokines, and bile acid conjugate fractions in Japanese patients. METHODS: This study was an open-label, randomized, case-control, crossover study of colestimide 3 g/day in 40 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and hypercholesterolemia. ...

Aims: Canagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that is being investigated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 28-day study conducted at 2 sites, in 29 subjects with T2DM not optimally controlled on insulin and up to 1 ...

Lysozyme and insulin were encapsulated in alginate gel microspheres using impinging aerosols method. High loadings of around 50% weight/dry microspheres weight were obtained with encapsulation efficiencies of at least 48%. Environmental scanning electron microscopy revealed smooth spherical hydrated microspheres (30-60 µm) in diameter. No lysozyme or insulin release was measured in ...

In studies using the intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis we reported that low insulin sensitivity (SI) is associated with increased erythrocyte aggregability and plasma viscosity, that appeared to be markers of insulin resistance. Recently, development of modelling has made available a new approach of insulin sensitivity from ...

The progressive nature of type 2 diabetes necessitates exogenous insulin use for most patients; basal insulin plus oral anti-diabetes drugs (OADs) is a well-validated way to facilitate insulin initiation. The primary aim of this study was to explore insulin initiation strategies and outcomes for patients using insulin detemir or glargine ...

The in vitro/in vivo characterization of antacid-insulin co-encapsulated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles is presented here. The optimized nanoparticle composition has 1% surfactant (didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide) and 2% antacid (magnesium hydroxide or zinc carbonate) in the size range ∼136-143nm with ∼81-85% entrapment of insulin at a 4% (w/w) initial load to that ...

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of Passiflora incarnata Linn. leaves which are widely used as traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methanolic extracts of leaves of Passiflora incarnata were administered orally (100 and 200mg/kg, for 15 days) to streptozotocin-induced ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Endothelial dysfunction is important in the development of vascular complications in diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes have increased production of the vasoconstrictor and pro-inflammatory peptide, endothelin-1. Short-term intra-arterial administration of endothelin antagonists improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that oral administration ...

A novel oral form of salmon calcitonin (sCT) was recently demonstrated to improve both fasting and postprandial glycemic control and induce weight loss in diet-induced obese and insulin-resistant rats. To further explore the glucoregulatory efficacy of oral sCT, irrespective of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, the present study investigated the effect ...

Background Haemoglobin A1c 6.5 % has recently been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) as an alternative diagnostic criterion for diabetes mellitus (DM). Aim To evaluate HbA1c as an alternative to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diagnosis of DM and pre-diabetes and ...

In search for an effective oral treatment for diabetes, we examined the capacity of glucose tolerance factor (GTF) extracted from yeast and administered orally to reduce hyperglycaemia in rat models exhibiting insulin deficiency. The cellular effect of GTF on the insulin signalling pathway was investigated in vitro. GTF (oral bolus), ...

Context:GH reduces insulin sensitivity (IS), whereas IGF-I increases it. IGF-I seems to be critical for the development of the β-cells, and impaired IS has been reported in GH deficiency (GHD).Objective:The aim of the study was to assess IS and β-cell function in adult patients with untreated isolated GHD (IGHD) due ...

Osteocalcin (OC) is an osteoblast-derived protein implicated in the regulation of glucose tolerance and energy metabolism. This endocrine function has been suggested to be exerted via its undercarboxylated form, which has been shown to induce expression of adiponectin, insulin, and islet cell proliferation in mice. Furthermore, insulin has recently been ...

Aims: Oral administration of insulin is a promising drug delivery system for diabetic patients as it is convenient and reduces pain, two of the major contributors to non-compliance. Materials and methods: In the present study, insulin was encapsulated in poly (lactic-co-glycolicacid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) by using double-emulsion/solvent evaporation technique and ...

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Circumscript, progressing lipoatrophy at the insulin injection sites is an unexplained, however rare condition in diabetes mellitus. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of severe localised lipoatrophy developing during insulin pump-treatment (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion) with the insulin analogue lispro (Humalog(R)) in a woman with type-1 diabetes mellitus. ...

Vanadium can induce potent hypoglycemic effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus animals, but toxic adverse effects have inhibited the translation of these findings. Administration of vanadate in a black tea decoction has shown impressive hypoglycemic effects without evidence of toxicity in short-term studies. The purpose of this ...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate hepatic glucose metabolism of diabetic induced rats after a daily oral load of insulin nanoparticles over 2 weeks. After the 2-week treatment, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed with [U-(13)C] glucose and (2)H(2)O. Plasma glucose (2)H and (13)C enrichments were quantified ...

ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION: The relationship of glycemic control to the outcomes of dental extractions. Aronovich S, Skope L, Kelly J, Kyriakides T. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:2955-61. REVIEWER: Kaumudi Joshipura, BDS, MS, ScD PURPOSE/QUESTION: To determine whether glycemic control among patients with diabetes influences healing after tooth extraction ...

Context: Santalum album Linn (Santalaceae), commonly known as Sandalwood is used traditionally for its antihyperlipidemic and diuretic activity. Objective: This study investigated the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of long-term oral administration of the Santalum album pet ether fraction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Diabetes was induced by a ...

Aims:  Previous studies report an increased risk of depression in patients with diabetes, but there is little knowledge about if or how the risk varies according to sex, groups of age and different type of treatments for the diabetes. We therefore aimed to investigate the risk of depression in different ...

ABSTRACT: Background To examine the effects of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, on visceral fat adiposity, appetite, food preference, and biomarkers of cardiovascular system in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods The study subjects were 20 inpatients with type 2 diabetes treated with liraglutide [age; 61.2+/-14.0 years, duration ...

A permeation enhancer, positively charged deoxycholyl-hyperbranched oligoethylenimine (DCO), was prepared and used to form complexes with negatively charged insulin based on electrostatic interaction. DCO/insulin complexes can be loaded into poly (l-glutamic acid) (PGA) microspheres by the oil-in-oil (O/O) emulsion and solvent evaporation technique. Because of the specific pH sensitive properties ...

OBJECTIVETo characterize the magnitude and variance of the change of glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations, and to identify determinants of glucose control up to 2 years after gastric bypass (GBP).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSGlucose and GLP-1 concentrations were measured during an oral glucose challenge before and 1, 12, and 24 ...

An investigation was made to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the total polyphenolic acids fraction (PAF) from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge in the type 2 diabetes mellitus rats model with an oral dose of 187 mg/kg for 28 days. The results showed that PAF induced a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG), ...

Context:There has been much speculation as to whether defects in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and the progression from normal glucose tolerance to prediabetes and diabetes.Objective:Our objective was to determine whether fasting and postchallenge concentrations of active and total GLP-1 decrease ...

The carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) is abundant in Satsuma mandarins ( Citrus unshiu Marc). Several studies have shown a relationship between Satsuma mandarin consumption and a low risk of several diseases, for example, diabetes, gout, and hypertension, suggesting β-CRX involvement in disease prevention. We investigated the effect of β-CRX on mildly ...

The present study was to demonstrate the effects of goblet cell-targeting nanoparticles on the oral absorption of insulin in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, and identify the targeting mechanism as well as the influence of mucus. The insulin loaded nanoparticles were prepared using trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) modified with a CSKSSDYQC (CSK) ...

Glucose homeostasis is significantly altered immediately after partial pancreatectomy. The present study examined the long-term consequences of a hemipancreatectomy in 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 10 patients with benign pancreatic and extrapancreatic tumors. A 240-minute oral glucose challenge was performed before and shortly after pancreatic surgery, as well as ...

It remains unclear whether type 2 diabetics treated with either insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents have the same incidence of cardiac morbidity and mortality after major non-cardiac surgery. We prospectively studied 360 type 2 diabetic patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery of which 105 were treated with insulin only, 171 were ...

OBJECTIVES: To assess in hospitalized patients the prevalence of hyperglycemia, degree of glycemic control, rate of hypoglycemia, and treatment used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, observational study. RESULTS: Hyperglycemia was found in 185 (26.7%) of 691 patients, of whom 85% had been diagnosed with diabetes and 15% had no diabetes. ...

Oral colon delivery is currently considered of importance not only for the treatment of local pathologies, such as primarily inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but also as a means of accomplishing systemic therapeutic goals. Although the large bowel fails to be ideally suited for absorption processes, it may indeed offer a ...

OBJECTIVETo determine the relative contributions of basal hyperglycemia (BHG) versus postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) before and after treatment intensification in patients with glycated hemoglobin A(1c) (A1C) >7.0% while on prior oral therapy.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSSelf-measured, plasma-referenced glucose profiles and A1C values were evaluated from participants in six studies comparing systematically titrated ...

PURPOSE: This study aims to identify the impact of diabetes on the final outcome (length of hospital stay and development of complications) in patients with severe multispace infections in the head and neck. Furthermore, it intends to characterize significant clinical features of these patients compared with nondiabetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ...

The use of thujone, a monoterpene ketone often present in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) or wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), for the treatment of diabetes mellitus was recently suggested in a study published in this journal. Evidence was based on the findings obtained in a diabetic rat model. After oral treatment ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To understand all of the current options available to treat glucose intolerance in pregnancy. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent attention to the use of oral agents in the treatment of gestational diabetes remains controversial. This review will outline the advantages and disadvantages, as well as safety profiles of two ...

PKF275-055, a vildagliptin analog, is a novel, selective, potent, orally bioavailable, long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. We studied the effect of PKF275-055 administration in the prevention, protection or treatment of diabetic neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. PKF275-055 improved body and muscle weight. Oral glucose tolerance tests showed a marked improvement ...

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Several G-protein-coupled receptor agonists are being studied for their efficacy as antidiabetes agents. JNJ-38431055 is a novel, potent, and orally available selective agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic (GPR119) receptor. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies were conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, ...

Glucagon secretion plays an essential role in the regulation of hepatic glucose production, and elevated fasting and postprandial plasma glucagon concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) contribute to their hyperglycaemia. The reason for the hyperglucagonaemia is unclear, but recent studies have shown lack of suppression after oral but ...

Oral administration of biomolecular drugs such as peptides, proteins, and DNA is an attractive delivery method because of the safety and convenience of delivery in contrast to injection administration. However, oral delivery of biomolecules has several potential barriers such as enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and low permeability across ...

We assessed the oral glucose tolerance test's (OGTT) ability to produce consistent results for estimating insulin sensitivity over four consecutive days. Individual coefficients of variation for OGIS and Stumvoll-ISI were 7.8% and 14.4% with no statistically significant difference between days. Thereby, indicating repeated OGTT's are reliable for estimating insulin sensitivity.

Success in the oral delivery of therapeutic insulin can significantly improve the quality of life of diabetic patients who must routinely receive injections of this drug. However, oral absorption of insulin is limited by various physiological barriers and remains a major scientific challenge. Various technological solutions have been developed to ...